Blood and Immunity Flashcards
3 functions of blood
-Transportation
-Regulation
-Protection
Transportation
Transports hormones from endocrine glands to organs
Regulation
Maintains body temp, ph levels, and fluid volume
Protection
Prevents infection through WBC and antibodies both detecting and attacking foreign substances
Four factors that make up blood
-Plasma
-RBC
-WBC
-Platelets
Blood
Connective tissue made up of a group of cells that performs specific functions
Where are blood cells produced?
Bone marrow
Plasma (in blood)
-Sticky, straw coloured liquid that holds cells and platelets
-Makes up 55% of blood volume
3 proteins found in plasma
-Fibrinogen
-Albumis
-Globulins
(FAG)
Albumis
Maintains blood pressure and volume
Fibrinogen
Important for forming blood clots
Globulins
-Transports proteins around the body
-Some are antibodies
Red Blood cells
-Flattened discs with concaved centre (ideal for gas exchange)
-no nucleus or organelles
Main function:
-transports respiratory gases (O2 & CO2)
Spleen
Where old and dead red blood cells are removed
Hemoglobin
A structure that carries both O2 and CO2 inside the RBC
(Gives the blood a red color)
White blood cells
-Spherical but can change shape
-Has a nucleus and organelles
Main function:
-protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infections
Most abundant to least abundant white blood cells (5)
1) Neutrophils
2) Lymphocyte
3) monocyte
4) Eosinophil
5) Basophil
(NLMEB)
Amoeboid Action (WBC)
Move on their own
Phagocytosis
“Eat” bacteria/toxins
Chemical properties (WBC)
WBC make antibodies to help stop the effect of chemicals on an injury and inflammation
Granular Leukocytes
-Cytoplasm is granular
Includes: basophilis, eosinophilis and Neautrophils (BEN)
Agranular Leukocytes (WBC)
-Cytoplasm does not have granules
Includes: Monocytes and lymphocytes (ML)
Platelets
-Small pieces of cells found in the blood
-no nucleus
Main function:
-blood clot forms
What may cause a patient to need a blood transfusion?
-injury
-illness
-surgery
When is your blood type determined?
Before you are born
Who is a universal donor?
O-
Who is a universal recipient
AB+
Antigens
Substances found on the surface of cells which help distinguish between “self” and “foreign” cells
Antibodies
Y-shaped protein structure used to detect and defend the body from “foreign” materials
Agglutination
Binding of matching antibodies and antigens on RBC’s
Immune system
Bodies defense against disease causing organisms
What is the inflammatory response triggered by?
-cuts
-scrapes
-infections
-bone structure
3 important aspects of the 3rd line of defence
-specific
-systemic
-memory
(SSM)
Homozygous group
-IAIA
-IBIB
-ii
Heterozygous group
-IAi
-IBi
-IAIB
1st line of defense
-innate and non-specific
-Physical and chemical barriers
Physical barriers
-Skin
-Cilia
-Mucus
-Nose hairs
Chemical barriers
-Tears
-Stomach acid
-Lysozyme
-Saliva
2nd line of defense
-innate and non-specific
1) triggered by cuts, scrapes, etc.
2) injury releases chemicals starting inflammatory response.
3) histamine is produced
4) capillaries increase blood flow
5) phagocytes eat dead cells
3rd line of defense
-adaptive and specific
-T cells terminate cancer cells or infected cells
Immunological memory
Primary immune response:
-first time the body encounters a particular antigen
-antibodies come up with a serum between 7-10 days
How are invaders recognized
Antigens
2 types of T lymphocytes
-Helper T cells
-cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
2 types of B lymphocytes
-Plasma cells
-memory b cells
Helper T cells
Activates cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells)
Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
Terminate cancer cells, foreign cells, and infected cells by a virus
Hematopoiesis is the process of?
blood cells being made
How does RH factors affect the mother and the baby
When the mother has RH- and the baby has RH+, the mothers body will create antibodies to fight the babies RH+. Which could kill the baby or give it anemia
Blood typing
Determine a persons blood type by identifying the antigen present on the RBC
Antibodies and antigens for all types of blood
Type A: Antigen A = Antibodies B
Type B: Antigen B = Antibodies A
Type AB: Antigen A and B = No Antibodies
Type O: (no antigen) = Antibodies AB
How to prevent the effect of the mothers RH- on the baby’s RH+
By Injecting anti-RH antibodies usually given at 28 weeks pregnat
Naturally acquired active immunity
Antigens or pathogens enter body naturally
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Antibodies pass from mother to baby by breast feeding
Artificially acquired active immunity
Antigens are introduced in vaccines (immunization)
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Preformed antibodies are injected into the body
Rh Factor
A type of antigen that can be found on the surface of the red blood cells
Macrophage
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms
Once an individual has had measles, they will rarely get it again. Why?
Because after you have it, your body becomes immune
What is a pathogen
An organism that causes a disease to its host
How does a helper T cell become actives? Then when activated, what do helper T cells do?
Activates when phagocyte presents antigen to helper T cell, then activates other immune cells
Histamines
Increases blood flow to the injured area
Where is histamines produced?
mast cells and basophils
B Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
T lymphocytes
Recognize and responds to invaders
plasma cells
secretes immunoglobulin and antibodies
Memory cells
remember certain antigens
When you scrape your knee, why does the area become red, start to swell and you feel some pain?
It’s because of the increase in blood flow caused by histamines
Difference between Lysosome and Lysozyme?
-lysosome is the cell organelle present inside the cell
-lysozyme usually breaks bonds
What happens to someone with an autoimmune disease
Affects the whole body by weakens bodily functions, and can be life-threatening
Another name for RBC’s
Erythrocytes
Another name for WBC’s
Leukocytes
How can you tell if a person has leukemia?
red or purple spots or rashes on your skin
Hodgkins disease
Cause
-is a type of cancer that the doctors have not yet figured out, but has a change in DNA
Symptoms
-fever, fatigue, weight loss
Frequency
-900 people each year are diagnosed
Treatments
-chemotherapy
-radiation therapy
-immunotherapy
