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Biology 2024/25 > Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A

-Transportation
-Regulation
-Protection

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2
Q

Transportation

A

Transports hormones from endocrine glands to organs

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3
Q

Regulation

A

Maintains body temp, ph levels, and fluid volume

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4
Q

Protection

A

Prevents infection through WBC and antibodies both detecting and attacking foreign substances

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5
Q

Four factors that make up blood

A

-Plasma
-RBC
-WBC
-Platelets

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6
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue made up of a group of cells that performs specific functions

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7
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Plasma (in blood)

A

-Sticky, straw coloured liquid that holds cells and platelets
-Makes up 55% of blood volume

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9
Q

3 proteins found in plasma

A

-Fibrinogen
-Albumis
-Globulins
(FAG)

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10
Q

Albumis

A

Maintains blood pressure and volume

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11
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Important for forming blood clots

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12
Q

Globulins

A

-Transports proteins around the body
-Some are antibodies

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13
Q

Red Blood cells

A

-Flattened discs with concaved centre (ideal for gas exchange)
-no nucleus or organelles

Main function:
-transports respiratory gases (O2 & CO2)

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14
Q

Spleen

A

Where old and dead red blood cells are removed

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A structure that carries both O2 and CO2 inside the RBC
(Gives the blood a red color)

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16
Q

White blood cells

A

-Spherical but can change shape
-Has a nucleus and organelles

Main function:
-protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infections

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17
Q

Most abundant to least abundant white blood cells (5)

A

1) Neutrophils
2) Lymphocyte
3) monocyte
4) Eosinophil
5) Basophil
(NLMEB)

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18
Q

Amoeboid Action (WBC)

A

Move on their own

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Eat” bacteria/toxins

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20
Q

Chemical properties (WBC)

A

WBC make antibodies to help stop the effect of chemicals on an injury and inflammation

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21
Q

Granular Leukocytes

A

-Cytoplasm is granular
Includes: basophilis, eosinophilis and Neautrophils (BEN)

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22
Q

Agranular Leukocytes (WBC)

A

-Cytoplasm does not have granules
Includes: Monocytes and lymphocytes (ML)

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23
Q

Platelets

A

-Small pieces of cells found in the blood
-no nucleus

Main function:
-blood clot forms

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24
Q

What may cause a patient to need a blood transfusion?

A

-injury
-illness
-surgery

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25
Q

When is your blood type determined?

A

Before you are born

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26
Q

Who is a universal donor?

A

O-

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27
Q

Who is a universal recipient

A

AB+

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28
Q

Antigens

A

Substances found on the surface of cells which help distinguish between “self” and “foreign” cells

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29
Q

Antibodies

A

Y-shaped protein structure used to detect and defend the body from “foreign” materials

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30
Q

Agglutination

A

Binding of matching antibodies and antigens on RBC’s

31
Q

Immune system

A

Bodies defense against disease causing organisms

32
Q

What is the inflammatory response triggered by?

A

-cuts
-scrapes
-infections
-bone structure

33
Q

3 important aspects of the 3rd line of defence

A

-specific
-systemic
-memory
(SSM)

34
Q

Homozygous group

A

-IAIA
-IBIB
-ii

35
Q

Heterozygous group

A

-IAi
-IBi
-IAIB

36
Q

1st line of defense

A

-innate and non-specific
-Physical and chemical barriers

37
Q

Physical barriers

A

-Skin
-Cilia
-Mucus
-Nose hairs

38
Q

Chemical barriers

A

-Tears
-Stomach acid
-Lysozyme
-Saliva

39
Q

2nd line of defense

A

-innate and non-specific
1) triggered by cuts, scrapes, etc.
2) injury releases chemicals starting inflammatory response.
3) histamine is produced
4) capillaries increase blood flow
5) phagocytes eat dead cells

40
Q

3rd line of defense

A

-adaptive and specific
-T cells terminate cancer cells or infected cells

41
Q

Immunological memory

A

Primary immune response:
-first time the body encounters a particular antigen
-antibodies come up with a serum between 7-10 days

42
Q

How are invaders recognized

A

Antigens

43
Q

2 types of T lymphocytes

A

-Helper T cells
-cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

44
Q

2 types of B lymphocytes

A

-Plasma cells
-memory b cells

45
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activates cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells)

46
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

A

Terminate cancer cells, foreign cells, and infected cells by a virus

47
Q

Hematopoiesis is the process of?

A

blood cells being made

48
Q

How does RH factors affect the mother and the baby

A

When the mother has RH- and the baby has RH+, the mothers body will create antibodies to fight the babies RH+. Which could kill the baby or give it anemia

49
Q

Blood typing

A

Determine a persons blood type by identifying the antigen present on the RBC

50
Q

Antibodies and antigens for all types of blood

A

Type A: Antigen A = Antibodies B

Type B: Antigen B = Antibodies A

Type AB: Antigen A and B = No Antibodies

Type O: (no antigen) = Antibodies AB

51
Q

How to prevent the effect of the mothers RH- on the baby’s RH+

A

By Injecting anti-RH antibodies usually given at 28 weeks pregnat

52
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Antigens or pathogens enter body naturally

53
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies pass from mother to baby by breast feeding

54
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Antigens are introduced in vaccines (immunization)

55
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Preformed antibodies are injected into the body

56
Q

Rh Factor

A

A type of antigen that can be found on the surface of the red blood cells

57
Q

Macrophage

A

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms

58
Q

Once an individual has had measles, they will rarely get it again. Why?

A

Because after you have it, your body becomes immune

59
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism that causes a disease to its host

60
Q

How does a helper T cell become actives? Then when activated, what do helper T cells do?

A

Activates when phagocyte presents antigen to helper T cell, then activates other immune cells

61
Q

Histamines

A

Increases blood flow to the injured area

62
Q

Where is histamines produced?

A

mast cells and basophils

63
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies

64
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Recognize and responds to invaders

65
Q

plasma cells

A

secretes immunoglobulin and antibodies

66
Q

Memory cells

A

remember certain antigens

67
Q

When you scrape your knee, why does the area become red, start to swell and you feel some pain?

A

It’s because of the increase in blood flow caused by histamines

68
Q

Difference between Lysosome and Lysozyme?

A

-lysosome is the cell organelle present inside the cell
-lysozyme usually breaks bonds

69
Q

What happens to someone with an autoimmune disease

A

Affects the whole body by weakens bodily functions, and can be life-threatening

70
Q

Another name for RBC’s

A

Erythrocytes

71
Q

Another name for WBC’s

A

Leukocytes

72
Q

How can you tell if a person has leukemia?

A

red or purple spots or rashes on your skin

73
Q

Hodgkins disease

A

Cause
-is a type of cancer that the doctors have not yet figured out, but has a change in DNA

Symptoms
-fever, fatigue, weight loss

Frequency
-900 people each year are diagnosed

Treatments
-chemotherapy
-radiation therapy
-immunotherapy

Biology 2024/25 (6 decks)

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