Unit 2 Flashcards
Language is a…
code
Digital codes
use symbols, conveying meaning symbolically, does not resemble the thing represented
Analogic codes
have a natural relationship to what they represent; pictures, photographs, drawings, nonverbal signals. Ex.) Picture of you is more representative of your than your name
Three Levels of Language
Syntactics, semantics, pragmatics
Syntactics
the study of the process by which words are combined and ordered into grammatical sequences. Meaning based on word order
Semantics
the study of meaning of language
Pragmatics
Investigate language as it is used in actual interaction. use
Syntactical meaning
the meaning of a word is partially determined by the words that preceded and follow it.
Denotation
Meaning is in words. Dictionary
Connotation
Meaning is in people. Home instead of house
Two ways we create meaning
direct experience and associations between one symbol and the next. big hairy spider.
Equivocal words
more than one dictionary definition. strategic ambiguity is a good thing sometimes
Relative Words
gain meaning by comparison. pain on a scale of 1-10
emotive words
sound as if they’re describing facts but actually conveying emotion. Extrovert vs loudmouth
euphemism
softens the impact of unpleasant information. Can make things unclear
Static Evaluation (Is or the Law of Identity)
The assumption that people are consistent and unchanging. John is mean
Fact-Inference Confusion
Not being able to distinguish between facts and inferences
Fact Opinion Confusion
Not being able to distinguish between fact and opinion
Abstract Words
Generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events.
Responsibility Rejection Words
These words reject speakers responsibility:
it, but, they, you. Should use I and We
Linguistic Relativism
The worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
Constitutive
rules of meaning
Regulative
rules of action
speech acts
what the speaker intends to do with the message
Convergence
process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others
Divergence
Speaking in a way that emphasizes differences
To avoid talking down or up
Learn principle of equality. You wouldn’t like someone telling you how to do your job
To avoid disconfirmation (devalue)
learn the principle of confirmation. Acknowledge feelings and validate them
To avoid excluding others or in-group talk
learn the principle of inclusion. Introduce people.
To avoid excessive self talk or excessive other talk
learn the principle of balance. Talk about yourself and listen to others talk about themselves.
To avoid excessive criticism or undeserved praise
learn the principle of honest appraisal. Constructive criticism.
To avoid offensive language
learn the principle of fairness.
sexist language
words or expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males
racist language
classifies members of one racial group as superior and others inferior.
Four types of time
Biological time (physical, intellectual, emotional), Individual or psychological time (past, present, future), cultural (monochromatic vs polychromatic), intercultural (informal/displaced/diffused), formal, technical
is nonverbal communication culture bound
yes
what kind of differences are there in nonverbal communication
gender differences
culture influences nonverbal communication
emblems
affect displays (how you show emotion)
personal distance
eye contact
facial displays
greeting behavior
time orientation
haptics
vocalics
sex influences nonverbal communication
emotional expressiveness
eye contact
personal space
vocalics
touch
appearance
HURER listening process
hearing, understanding, remembering, evaluating, responding
barriers to listening
information overload, personal concerns, rapid thought, noise.
silent listening
no words, uh huh, facial expressions that let the speaker know you’re listening.
counterfeit questions
trap the speaker, make statements, carry hidden agendas, seek correct answers, based on unchecked assumptions.
active listening
paraphrase the speakers content, express understanding of the speakers feelings, ask questions for clarification
listener behavior formula
lean forward, look into the speakers eyes and face, use my face, don’t do other tasks, don’t make plans, don’t daydream, don’t judge.
pseudolistening
pretend listening
stage hogging
rebuttal tendency, thinking of what to respond with instead of listening to the speaker
selective listening
only listening to parts
filling in the gaps
only remembering pieces and filling in with what makes sense
assimilation to prior messages
I have heard it before so it must be the same, leads to incorrect response
insulated listening
avoids topics they don’t like. close mindedness
defensive listening
takes innocent comments as offenses
ambushing
listens carefully for info to attack the speaker
insensitive listening
takes everything very literal, competitive interrupting
paraphrasing
fluently and concisely paraphrases speakers thoughts
fluently and concisely paraphrases speakers feelings
makes open ended requests for the speaker to verify the accuracy og paraphrasing statements
uses appropriate nonverbal attending behaviors.
Empathizing
requires open mindedness, imagination, commitment
empathizing does not
deny others the right to their feelings
minimize the significance of the situation
defend the responder
rain on the speakers parade
conditions for advice to be beneficial (advising)
if you are confident that advice is correct
if person seeking advice is ready to accept it
if you are certain that receiver won’t blame you if advice doesnt work.
when do evaluations have the best chance of being received (evaluating)
when person with problem has requested an evaluation (what do you think)
when judgement given is genuinely constructive and not a putdown.
when is it helpful to offer an analysis (analyzing)
when it is given tentatively rather than stated as a fact (maybe we are arguing bc…)
when it has a reasonable chance of being correct
when the other person is receptive to it
when the motive for offering an analysis is truly to help the other person.
what are some guidelines for being supportive (supporting)
make sure the expression of support is sincere
make sure the other person can accept your support
involves reassuring, comforting, and/or encouraging
