Unit 2 Flashcards
in what 5 steps did the vertebrate in the cns develop ?
1.vertebrae folds within itsself
2. Neural plate border comes together from each side as one
3. The epidermis fuses and seals it into a oval and lays on top
4. The plate border break off and become neural crest cells
5. The neural plate left becomes a neural tube and become the cns
what happens at 4 weeks in the development of the CNS and what are the 4 parts
the anterior end of the neural spinal splits into the three regions ( forebrain, hinebrain, midbrain , spinal cord)
what happens at week 6 in the development of the CNS
what 3 parts does it split into and what are within those parts
the tube splits into major brain regions present at birth
Hindbrain:
Medulla
Cerebellum and pons
Midbrain as one
Forebrain:
diencephalon
cerebrum
what happens at week 11 in the development of the CNS
the smooth cerebrum grows rapidly and more division.
what happens at birth in the development of the CNS and what are 6 parts
cerebrum take up majority of brain and the 6 parts are
Cerebrum - (midbrain &diencephalon)
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Cranial Nerves
what protects the brain
the cranium
what protects the spine
the veterbrae
what is the arrangement of the meninges surrounding the brain and spine ?
Dura mater is outermost
Arachnoid in the middle
Pia mater is innermost
what is the fluid between the layer ?
cerbral spinal fluid
what is the name of the meningies
aka dura, arachnoid pia
how much fluid filled with CSF ventricles does the brain have and what are they
4 ventricles 2 lats and the 3rd vents and 4 vent
what is the choroid plexus
it is patches of ependymal cell that produce CSF
Do all the ventricles in the brain produce CSF
yes
what does the ependymal cells do ?
they form a barrier between blood vessel (capillaries) & CSF
when there is high amounts of protein or a presence of blood cell in the CSF what does that suggest ?
a possible infection
how many times is CSF flushed
4
what are the other extracellular fluid of the CNS?
interstital fluid and plasma
what is interstital fluid ?
surrounds neurons and glilal cells
where is plasma ?
in cerebral blood vessels
Plasma has alot of high compements in comparasion to CSF like K+ CA+ etc what are the same between the two
the same Na + concentration
what are olgiodendrocytes ?
they form mylein in the CNS aka white matter
what are astrocytes ?
they regulate ecf
what is the circulation of CSF
start in lateral ventricles go to 3rd and fouth accumlate CSF and exit in the 4th vent to the sub arachoid it cicrulate and then goes the to the arachnoid villi within the dural sinus like a bulge and enters the dural sinus specifically the superior saggital sinus where it then goes to the spine and get pumped out inthe heart
what is the superior saggital sinus
it is the the biggest component of the dural sinus and where CSF. goes to waste
what is hyrdocephalic?
when csf is unable to exit and it cloggs and fills up your brain with fluid and increases pressure and compresses your brain tissue
what is the astrocyte foot process ?
secret paracrine factors which promote tight juntions
what are tight junctions ?
it prevents solutes from moving in between cells
what is the blood brain barrier ?
a barrier that allow lipid soluble (lipophillic) molecules to cross easily and
hydrophillic substances need a transporter to cross
antihistamine dont cross
what is the molecule that crosses the blood brain barries and converts into dopamine
L-Tyrosine to L-dopa
what are the two metabolic requirements for neural tissue?
oxygen and glucose
what is hypoglacemia
lost of consciousness,confusion and death
what are the 4 sections in your spinal cord in order
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrial
what is a spinal nerve important for
its a major path for info flow between CNS , skin, join and muscles
where do the origin of the symp preganglionic fibres come from
thoraic 1 to lumbar 2
(T1-L2)
when does your pre gang parasympathic ?
brain stem and your cravial
what is the doral root ganglion
it is a bulge due to cell bodies on afferent nuerons
what does the grey matter consist of?
sensory neurons coming in at the most dorsal point of the doral horn and you have motor neurons leaving at the most ventral point of the ventral horn grey matter
where does the thoraic lumbar symp pre gang leave
in the ventral grey horn
what type of neuron has no dendrites ?
sensory
what is within the white matter ?
ascending and descending tracts
what are the 3 sensory asecending tracts in white matter ?
spinothalmaic
spinocerebellar
dorsal columns
what is the motor descending tract in the white matter ?
corticospinal tract
what does the dosal columns carry ?
fine touch, proprioception
what does the spinothalamic carry ?
pain and tempurature
what are the two types of cortico tracts?
lateral corticospinal and ventral
what does the corticospinal carry
voluntary movement ( wanting to your leg ex)
what does the lateral cortico spinal bring info for
limbs
what does the ventral cortico spinal bring info for
axial/truck muscles
what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
midbrain
medulla
pons
what does the brain stem do ?
carry out sensory and motor info for the head and neck
how many cranial nerves originate from the brain stem
10 out of 12
what are the 3 midbrain functions
coordinates eye movement , visual and auditory reflexes
what are the 2 pons function?
is a relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum (C&C) and also helps with respiration and breathing
what does the medulla do?
in the grey matter it help with involuntary functions ex blood pressue breathing etc
what is in the cerebrum and what does is it ?
cortex and subcortial structrurees and it is the site of higher brain functions
what does the cerebellum do
coordinates movements
what does the decepholon do ?
connect midbrain and fore brain
what 4 structure are in the diencephalon?
the thalamus
hypothalamus
the pituitary gland
the pineal gland
whar are the four lobes the cerebrum is split into?
occiptial, frontal , parietal and temporal
what are the three regions of cerebral grey matter and what each of the there function?
1.basal ganglia : coorindination of movement
2. limbic system : links fear and emotion with high cognitive function
3. cerebral cortex
what 3 things make up the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
- primary motor cortex
2.motor association - Prefrontal association
where do desceding fibres originate
in the primary motor cortex
what are 2 areas within the parital lobe
the primary somatosensory cortex
sensory association area
what are the 2 parts in the occipital lobe
visual cortex and visual association
what is an association area ?
whenre sensory and motor area intergrate info
what are the two parts in the temporal lobe ?
the auditory cortex and auditory association
where is the primary motor cortex located ?
infront (anterior) of central sulcus aka precentral gyrus
what is within the primary motor cortex ?
cell bodies of descending motor neurons
where is the primary somatosensory cortex ?
posterior (behind) the central sulcus aka postcentral gyrus
what is within the primary somatosensory cortex ?
terminals for ascending sensory pathways
when desceding what cross in the medulla to go into the lateral corticospinal tract? voluntary movements
motor neurons to skeletal muscles
what goes into the anterior spinal cortico spinal tract and crosses at the spine ? voluntary movements
truck nerves
During embryonic development, the neural tissue rolls up into a tube, forming a hollow neural tube that will form the _______.
a)
brain
b)
spinal cord
c)
central nervous system
d)
peripheral nervous system
e)
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
A blockage of the median aperture of the fourth ventricle would be expected to cause …
Question options:
a)
increased intracranial pressure
b)
enlargement of ventricles
c)
hydrocephalus
d)
Any/all of the above
Any/all of the above
The blood-brain barrier …
Question options:
a)
consists of cerebral capillaries that are more tightly sealed than other capillaries in the body
b)
is a major barrier to lipophilic substances that do not have carrier proteins / channels to take them across endothelial cells
c)
involves a relationship between glial cells called astrocytes and endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries
d)
a and c
e)
a, b and c
a and c
The dorsal root ganglia contain…
Question options:
a)
cell bodies of autonomic effector neurons
b)
ascending sensory tracts
c)
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
d)
descending motor tracts
e)
cell bodies of somatosensory neurons
e)
cell bodies of somatosensory neurons
Sympathetic preganglionic fibres originate in …
Question options:
a)
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, white matter
b)
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter
c)
the brainstem
d)
cranial and sacral segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter
e)
Both b and d
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter
Which of the following is NOT a part of the brainstem?
Question options:
a)
Midbrain
b)
Pons
c)
Medulla
d)
Spinal cord
d)
Spinal cord
The spinothalamic tract carries …
Question options:
a)
descending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord
b)
descending sensory information in the dorsal horn gray matter of the spinal cord
c)
ascending sensory information in the dorsal horn gray matter of the spinal cord
d)
ascending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord
d)
ascending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord
Wilder Penfield is known for …
Question options:
a)
a neurosurgical procedure for the treatment of severe epilepsy.
b)
his contributions to the varsity basketball program at Princeton.
c)
creating maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain.
d)
a and c
e)
a, b and c
d)
a and c
The cerebrum refers to …
Question options:
a)
the highly folded outermost layer of gray matter surrounding the brain
b)
a brain region best known for coordination of motor function.
c)
a deep brain structure involved in integrating sensory information and memory
d)
the region in the brain that receives somatosensory information
e)
a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within
e)
a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within
You have decided to put your best foot forward, the right one. Put the following structures in the order that describes the direction that neural information travels for this voluntary movement.
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Ventral horn gray matter
- Medulla
- Primary motor cortex
- Midbrain
- Ventral root
Question options:
a)
4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 6
b)
4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6
c)
2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6
d)
4, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2
e)
4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 6
b)
4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6
The first order or upper motor neuron carrying information that will direct voluntary movement of the right foot will travel in the spinal cord in the ________, crossing at the level of the ______.
Question options:
a)
anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, spinal segment
b)
dorsal columns, medulla
c)
lateral corticospinal tract, spinal segment
d)
anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, medulla
e)
lateral corticospinal tract, medulla
e)
lateral corticospinal tract, medulla
what is subdural hematoma?
it is when there is a broken blood vessel under the dura mater and when blood enter the arachnoid area it starts compressing the brain and allow brain damange
how are the 4 ventricles connected
the 4 ventricle are connected via ducts in the spinal cord and brain stem
what are the 5 ions/molecules have a lower concentration in CSF than plasma
K+, Ca 2+ HCO3 , Glucose, pH
how much csf is produced in a day ?
500ml
what are the 4 nuclei that make up the grey matter
Ventral Horn
1. Somatic motor nuclei
2. autonomic efferent nuclei
Dorsal Horn
3. visceral sensory nuclei
4. somatic sensory nuclei
what is a spinal reflex?
it is a response from just the spinal cord without input from the brain
what is cranial nerve X called ?
vagus
what is the function of the thalamus?
it relays and integrates sensory info from the lower parts of the cns
what are 3 key functions of the hypothalamus ?
1.major centre for homeostasis
2. influences autonomic responses, endocrine behaviour
3 .regulates pitituary gland
what is the function of the pineal gland?
it secretes melatonin, involvement in the rhythms
what do the sensory areas in the cerebral cortex do?
it translates sensory info into perceptions aka awareness
what does the motor areas of the cerebral cortex do?
control skeletal muscle
what lobe controls skeletal muscle movement?
frontal lobe
what lobe controls sensory info form skin muscoskele and viscera ?
parietal lobe
what lobe controls vision?
occipital lobe
what lobe controls hearing
temporal lobe
