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Biology 121 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproduction

A

the production of a new generation of cells or individuals

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-helix structure composed of nucleic acids which acts as the instructions or template for the manufacture of proteins

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A DNA molecule and the proteins associated with it

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4
Q

Genes

A

A specific region of a DNA strand (or chromosome) that inheritable trait(s)

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5
Q

Gene locus

A

location of a gene on the chromosome

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6
Q

Somatic

A

those cells which comprise an organism’s tissues & replicate by mitosis

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7
Q

Germ

A

those cells which will form gametes by meiosis

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8
Q

Zygote

A

the cell formed when two gametes fuse

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

A one-stage nuclear division process in which the diploid number of chromosomes is maintained in each in each of the daughter cells

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10
Q

Diploid

A

having 2 chromosomes of each type, a pair of homologous chromosomes; one maternal & one paternal

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11
Q

Haploid

A

having one chromosome of each type; either one maternal or one paternal

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12
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

Replacement of cells, growth in multi-cellular organism, asexual reproduction

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13
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

all somatic cells contain the same genetic info but have the ability to differentiate

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14
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that maintain ability to divide

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15
Q

Telomeres

A

repeating nucleotide sequences at chromosome tips

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16
Q

Kinases & Cyclins

A

intracellular proteins that control cell division

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17
Q

Cell size

A

division occurs to maintain favorable surface to volume ratio

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18
Q

Hormones examples& how it’s delivered

A

prolactin, estrogen: through the circulatory system

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19
Q

Growth factor example& where it works

A

epidermal growth factor: near the site of synthesis

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20
Q

Density-dependent inhibition

A

cell stops dividing when compressed agaisnt others

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21
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

controls mitosis (e.g BRCA1 & BRCA 2 stops breast cancer)

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22
Q

Characteistics of Cancerous Cells

A

abnormal anatomy&phsyiology, accelerated mitotic rate, migration into tissues (local or remote)

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23
Q

Dysplatic cells

A

cells irregular in anatomy but in their normal situation. Normal mitotic rate

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24
Q

Neoplasm(Tumor)

A

disorganized mass of irregular cells w/ increased mitotic rate

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25
Q

Benign

A

lump-like mass of cells compressing surrounding tissue. frequently encapsulated, slow growing & has not yet invaded other tissues(ex. fibroadenome which affects 10% of women)

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26
Q

Malignant

A

mass of cells that invade surrounding tissues, not encapsulated and frequesnt growing

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27
Q

Metastasis

A

malignant cells travel to other tissues via blood or lymph & secondary malignant tumors

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28
Q

Causes of cancer- carcinogens examples

A

smoking, fats, radiation, viruses, saccharine, some natural foods, mechanical compression-denture wearers and pipe smokers

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29
Q

Causes of cancer- oncogenes

A

genes that cause cancer like BrCa1, BrCa2

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30
Q

Mutated tumor suppressor genes

A

genes that regulate mitosis. when mutated, fail to control mitosis

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31
Q

Metabolism

A

the total of all chemical reactions w/in a cell

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32
Q

Anabolism

A

dehydration synthesis yields a larger molecule from smaller molecules like glycogen formation

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33
Q

Catobolism()cellular respiration

A

a decomposition reaction(hydrolysis) that yields smaller molecules from larger & relieases like starch breakdown

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34
Q

Respiration

A

the process that releases energy from molecules breakdown

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35
Q

Kinetic energy

A

performing work(energy in action) like roller coaster in motion

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36
Q

Potential energy

A

that is stored & has future work potential due to chemistry or loaction like fat. ball at the top of stairs

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37
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transfer

38
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed like lighting a match, when energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat(entropy)

39
Q

Energy of activation

A

the amount of energy required to initiate a reaction e.g a match starting a fire

40
Q

Enzymes

A

poteins that speed up(catalyze)chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation required and without becoming part of the reaction

41
Q

Substrate

A

the substance upon which the enzymes acts e.g. lactose and lactase. Enzymes ar eusually named after their substrate

42
Q

Active sites

A

Region of the enzymes that bonds w/ the substrate

43
Q

Metabolic/ biochemical pathways(enzyme cascades)

A

A series of enzyme-controlled chemical reactions

44
Q

Enzyme Activation by confactions

A

Ions (inorganic) that assists an enzyme(usually a mineral)

45
Q

Enzyme activation by Coenzymes

A

Organic molecule that assists and enzyme(usually a vitamin)

46
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity

A

temp, salt, radiation, electricity, pH, salt, Inhibitor which are chemicals that interfere w/ enzymes activity at the active site like cyanide denatures respiratory enzymes

47
Q

Enzymes Inhibitors

A

Competitive, noncompetitive

48
Q

Malathion

A

inhibits enzyme from making a neurotransmitter(acetylcholinesterase) prevents nervous transmission

49
Q

Penicillin

A

inhibits enzyme the produce cell walls in bacteria

50
Q

Arthritis

A

drugs(vioxx) inhibit the co-2 enzyme

51
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism- cause

A

inherited mutations that affect metabolic pathways

52
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism- result

A

substrates build up and products are scarce or nonexistent

53
Q

Phenylketonuria(PKU)

A

is an absence or deficiency of the enzyme reponsible for processing the amino acid phenylalanine

54
Q

Overview of energy production

A

cells obtain energy from organic molecules by breaking & reforming electrons bonds like energy sis released when bonds in glucose are broken. Some of this energy is stored in ATP

55
Q

Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 1- Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. Electrons released & 2 ATP formed. No O2 required. Location cytoplasm

56
Q

Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 2- Citric Acid (Krebs) cycle

A

Pyruvic acid broken down into CO2. Electrons released & 2 ATP formed. Location: Mitochondrion. O2 required

57
Q

Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 3- GElectron transport chain

A

synthesis of ATP (34) location: mitochondrion. O2 required

58
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

if O2 is not available only glycolysis can occur; results in production of lactic acid. Once O2 becomes available again, lactic acid converted into pyruvic acid

59
Q

Energy Substrate Utilization

A

carbohydrates, lipids, poteins

60
Q

Animal tissue groups

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous system

61
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

water retention(epidermis), absorption(intestines, lungs, kidney tubules), secretion(goblet cells, ducts), protection from abrasion & environment(epidermis), Sensation

62
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristic/compnent

A

lining all body surfaces, cavities, ducts & form glands, lack blood vessels(in epidermis) prolonged mitotic ability, tightly packed cells joined by desomsomes, attached to basement membrane- base. mem.- point of attachment for epitehiali & connective tissue; secreted by the epithelial & connective tissue (which underlies all epithelial tissue)

63
Q

COnnective tissue function

A

attachment(tendons and ligaments), support(mesentaries), cushioning(post-ocular fat), energt storage(fat), thermoregulation(insulation & thromgenesis from fat), transport(blood), immunity(blood)

64
Q

Connective tissue Characteristic/component

A

Cells(fibroblasts which secrete collagen & elastin fibers, secrete collagen at sites of infection or inflationg e.g. scars), matrix(intercellular material that bonds cells together(secreted by cells)

65
Q

Components of the matrix

A

ground substance- structural support for connective tissue, may be gelatinous(cartilage), calcified(bone), fluid(blood, lymph)

66
Q

Collagen

A

unbranced, high tensile strength, e.g. tendons, ligaments, stretchc marks, scars

67
Q

Elastic

A

branched w/ high elasticity e.g. bladder, lungs, arteries,

68
Q

Reticular

A

net-like 3-D framework of the organs made of collagen

69
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

produce motion(like movement of limbs, heart beat, peristalsis, thermoregulation)

70
Q

Muscle tissue Characteristics/components

A

cells- elongated cells called fibers w/ contractile proteins

71
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

production, conduction, perception & integration of internal & external stimuli

72
Q

Nervous tissue Characteristics

A

neuron- production, conduction, perception & integration of internal & external stimuli. neuroglia- cells that suport the neurons

73
Q

Epithelial membranes- Serous

A

line cavities that don’t open to the outside, covers organs e.g. thorax, abdomen. simplea squamous over loose connective tissue

74
Q

Epithelial membranes- Mucous

A

line cavities that do open to outside e.g. oral & nasal cavities, urinary & digestive tract. columnar over loose connective

75
Q

Epithelial membranes- Cutaneous(skin)

A

interface between body and external environment. epithelia over connective. muscle & nervous system. epithelia over connective tissue. muscle and nervous

76
Q

Extra functions of the mucous membranes

A

prevents dessication, reduce friction, trap debris w/ mucus via goblet cells

77
Q

Cutaneous membrane functions

A

prevent dessication, reduce abrasion, resist infection, sense environment, vitamin activation, waste elimination

78
Q

Components of Cutaneous Membrane- Epidermis

A

lack vascularization, up number of desmosomes, keratinized(cornified) surface, melanocytes which produce melanin to lessen UV damge

79
Q

What is melanoma

A

a cancer of the melanocytes, msot deadly form of skin cancer/ 1 of 65 americans will be diagnosed with melanoma

80
Q

ABCDE diagnosis of moles

A

A- asymmetry, b- border, c- color, d- diameter, e- elevated

81
Q

What are moles

A

elevated clusters of melanoytes usually harboring viruses. Moles have a high probability of turning into melanomas, 30% of melanomas begin in a mole & 90% of moles contain cancer-causing mutations

82
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum. spinosum, stratum basale, basement memebrane

83
Q

Dermis characteristics

A

irregular dense connective tissue(collagen & elatic fiber, gel-like ground substance topped with areolar tissue) smooth fiber muscles(like hair follicles, scrotum facial expression) nerve cells- both motor and sensory(like pacinian corpuscles- heavy press meissner’s corpuscles-light press), blood vessels, glands(sweat & sebaceous), hair follicles

84
Q

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous) characteristics

A

loose CT, collagen & elastic fibers, adipose tissue, blood, nerves

85
Q

Hair follicles

A

production of hair & release of sebum

86
Q

Hairfollicle components

A

root- portion of the hair embedded in skin, papilla(um)- nurtrtive bud of connective tiss. & vessels, shaft- portion of hair that exits follicle, arrector pili- smooth muscle that stands hair up

87
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

holocrine gland secrete sebum (fatty oil & whole cells). function- reduces dessication, water proofingm preserve hair

88
Q

Holocrine fland

A

scretes whole cells

89
Q

Where are sebaceuos glands found

A

hair follicles, genitalia, mouth corners, nipples

90
Q

Sweat glans

A

duct w/ coiled base. f- reduction of toxins, thermoregulation

91
Q

Types of sweat glands- merocrine glands

A

release cell contents like pancreas. eccrien

Biology 121 (6 decks)

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