Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Reproduction
A
the production of a new generation of cells or individuals
2
Q
DNA
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-helix structure composed of nucleic acids which acts as the instructions or template for the manufacture of proteins
3
Q
Chromosome
A
A DNA molecule and the proteins associated with it
4
Q
Genes
A
A specific region of a DNA strand (or chromosome) that inheritable trait(s)
5
Q
Gene locus
A
location of a gene on the chromosome
6
Q
Somatic
A
those cells which comprise an organism’s tissues & replicate by mitosis
7
Q
Germ
A
those cells which will form gametes by meiosis
8
Q
Zygote
A
the cell formed when two gametes fuse
9
Q
Mitosis
A
A one-stage nuclear division process in which the diploid number of chromosomes is maintained in each in each of the daughter cells
10
Q
Diploid
A
having 2 chromosomes of each type, a pair of homologous chromosomes; one maternal & one paternal
11
Q
Haploid
A
having one chromosome of each type; either one maternal or one paternal
12
Q
Functions of mitosis
A
Replacement of cells, growth in multi-cellular organism, asexual reproduction
13
Q
Cellular differentiation
A
all somatic cells contain the same genetic info but have the ability to differentiate
14
Q
Stem cells
A
undifferentiated cells that maintain ability to divide
15
Q
Telomeres
A
repeating nucleotide sequences at chromosome tips
16
Q
Kinases & Cyclins
A
intracellular proteins that control cell division
17
Q
Cell size
A
division occurs to maintain favorable surface to volume ratio
18
Q
Hormones examples& how it’s delivered
A
prolactin, estrogen: through the circulatory system
19
Q
Growth factor example& where it works
A
epidermal growth factor: near the site of synthesis
20
Q
Density-dependent inhibition
A
cell stops dividing when compressed agaisnt others
21
Q
Tumor suppressor genes
A
controls mitosis (e.g BRCA1 & BRCA 2 stops breast cancer)
22
Q
Characteistics of Cancerous Cells
A
abnormal anatomy&phsyiology, accelerated mitotic rate, migration into tissues (local or remote)
23
Q
Dysplatic cells
A
cells irregular in anatomy but in their normal situation. Normal mitotic rate
24
Q
Neoplasm(Tumor)
A
disorganized mass of irregular cells w/ increased mitotic rate
25
Benign
lump-like mass of cells compressing surrounding tissue. frequently encapsulated, slow growing & has not yet invaded other tissues(ex. fibroadenome which affects 10% of women)
26
Malignant
mass of cells that invade surrounding tissues, not encapsulated and frequesnt growing
27
Metastasis
malignant cells travel to other tissues via blood or lymph & secondary malignant tumors
28
Causes of cancer- carcinogens examples
smoking, fats, radiation, viruses, saccharine, some natural foods, mechanical compression-denture wearers and pipe smokers
29
Causes of cancer- oncogenes
genes that cause cancer like BrCa1, BrCa2
30
Mutated tumor suppressor genes
genes that regulate mitosis. when mutated, fail to control mitosis
31
Metabolism
the total of all chemical reactions w/in a cell
32
Anabolism
dehydration synthesis yields a larger molecule from smaller molecules like glycogen formation
33
Catobolism()cellular respiration
a decomposition reaction(hydrolysis) that yields smaller molecules from larger & relieases like starch breakdown
34
Respiration
the process that releases energy from molecules breakdown
35
Kinetic energy
performing work(energy in action) like roller coaster in motion
36
Potential energy
that is stored & has future work potential due to chemistry or loaction like fat. ball at the top of stairs
37
Thermodynamics
the study of energy transfer
38
Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed like lighting a match, when energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat(entropy)
39
Energy of activation
the amount of energy required to initiate a reaction e.g a match starting a fire
40
Enzymes
poteins that speed up(catalyze)chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation required and without becoming part of the reaction
41
Substrate
the substance upon which the enzymes acts e.g. lactose and lactase. Enzymes ar eusually named after their substrate
42
Active sites
Region of the enzymes that bonds w/ the substrate
43
Metabolic/ biochemical pathways(enzyme cascades)
A series of enzyme-controlled chemical reactions
44
Enzyme Activation by confactions
Ions (inorganic) that assists an enzyme(usually a mineral)
45
Enzyme activation by Coenzymes
Organic molecule that assists and enzyme(usually a vitamin)
46
Factors affecting enzyme activity
temp, salt, radiation, electricity, pH, salt, Inhibitor which are chemicals that interfere w/ enzymes activity at the active site like cyanide denatures respiratory enzymes
47
Enzymes Inhibitors
Competitive, noncompetitive
48
Malathion
inhibits enzyme from making a neurotransmitter(acetylcholinesterase) prevents nervous transmission
49
Penicillin
inhibits enzyme the produce cell walls in bacteria
50
Arthritis
drugs(vioxx) inhibit the co-2 enzyme
51
Inborn errors of metabolism- cause
inherited mutations that affect metabolic pathways
52
Inborn errors of metabolism- result
substrates build up and products are scarce or nonexistent
53
Phenylketonuria(PKU)
is an absence or deficiency of the enzyme reponsible for processing the amino acid phenylalanine
54
Overview of energy production
cells obtain energy from organic molecules by breaking & reforming electrons bonds like energy sis released when bonds in glucose are broken. Some of this energy is stored in ATP
55
Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 1- Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. Electrons released & 2 ATP formed. No O2 required. Location cytoplasm
56
Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 2- Citric Acid (Krebs) cycle
Pyruvic acid broken down into CO2. Electrons released & 2 ATP formed. Location: Mitochondrion. O2 required
57
Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Step 3- GElectron transport chain
synthesis of ATP (34) location: mitochondrion. O2 required
58
Anaerobic Respiration
if O2 is not available only glycolysis can occur; results in production of lactic acid. Once O2 becomes available again, lactic acid converted into pyruvic acid
59
Energy Substrate Utilization
carbohydrates, lipids, poteins
60
Animal tissue groups
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous system
61
Epithelial tissue function
water retention(epidermis), absorption(intestines, lungs, kidney tubules), secretion(goblet cells, ducts), protection from abrasion & environment(epidermis), Sensation
62
Epithelial tissue characteristic/compnent
lining all body surfaces, cavities, ducts & form glands, lack blood vessels(in epidermis) prolonged mitotic ability, tightly packed cells joined by desomsomes, attached to basement membrane- base. mem.- point of attachment for epitehiali & connective tissue; secreted by the epithelial & connective tissue (which underlies all epithelial tissue)
63
COnnective tissue function
attachment(tendons and ligaments), support(mesentaries), cushioning(post-ocular fat), energt storage(fat), thermoregulation(insulation & thromgenesis from fat), transport(blood), immunity(blood)
64
Connective tissue Characteristic/component
Cells(fibroblasts which secrete collagen & elastin fibers, secrete collagen at sites of infection or inflationg e.g. scars), matrix(intercellular material that bonds cells together(secreted by cells)
65
Components of the matrix
ground substance- structural support for connective tissue, may be gelatinous(cartilage), calcified(bone), fluid(blood, lymph)
66
Collagen
unbranced, high tensile strength, e.g. tendons, ligaments, stretchc marks, scars
67
Elastic
branched w/ high elasticity e.g. bladder, lungs, arteries,
68
Reticular
net-like 3-D framework of the organs made of collagen
69
Muscle tissue function
produce motion(like movement of limbs, heart beat, peristalsis, thermoregulation)
70
Muscle tissue Characteristics/components
cells- elongated cells called fibers w/ contractile proteins
71
Nervous tissue function
production, conduction, perception & integration of internal & external stimuli
72
Nervous tissue Characteristics
neuron- production, conduction, perception & integration of internal & external stimuli. neuroglia- cells that suport the neurons
73
Epithelial membranes- Serous
line cavities that don't open to the outside, covers organs e.g. thorax, abdomen. simplea squamous over loose connective tissue
74
Epithelial membranes- Mucous
line cavities that do open to outside e.g. oral & nasal cavities, urinary & digestive tract. columnar over loose connective
75
Epithelial membranes- Cutaneous(skin)
interface between body and external environment. epithelia over connective. muscle & nervous system. epithelia over connective tissue. muscle and nervous
76
Extra functions of the mucous membranes
prevents dessication, reduce friction, trap debris w/ mucus via goblet cells
77
Cutaneous membrane functions
prevent dessication, reduce abrasion, resist infection, sense environment, vitamin activation, waste elimination
78
Components of Cutaneous Membrane- Epidermis
lack vascularization, up number of desmosomes, keratinized(cornified) surface, melanocytes which produce melanin to lessen UV damge
79
What is melanoma
a cancer of the melanocytes, msot deadly form of skin cancer/ 1 of 65 americans will be diagnosed with melanoma
80
ABCDE diagnosis of moles
A- asymmetry, b- border, c- color, d- diameter, e- elevated
81
What are moles
elevated clusters of melanoytes usually harboring viruses. Moles have a high probability of turning into melanomas, 30% of melanomas begin in a mole & 90% of moles contain cancer-causing mutations
82
Layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum. spinosum, stratum basale, basement memebrane
83
Dermis characteristics
irregular dense connective tissue(collagen & elatic fiber, gel-like ground substance topped with areolar tissue) smooth fiber muscles(like hair follicles, scrotum facial expression) nerve cells- both motor and sensory(like pacinian corpuscles- heavy press meissner's corpuscles-light press), blood vessels, glands(sweat & sebaceous), hair follicles
84
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous) characteristics
loose CT, collagen & elastic fibers, adipose tissue, blood, nerves
85
Hair follicles
production of hair & release of sebum
86
Hairfollicle components
root- portion of the hair embedded in skin, papilla(um)- nurtrtive bud of connective tiss. & vessels, shaft- portion of hair that exits follicle, arrector pili- smooth muscle that stands hair up
87
Sebaceous glands
holocrine gland secrete sebum (fatty oil & whole cells). function- reduces dessication, water proofingm preserve hair
88
Holocrine fland
scretes whole cells
89
Where are sebaceuos glands found
hair follicles, genitalia, mouth corners, nipples
90
Sweat glans
duct w/ coiled base. f- reduction of toxins, thermoregulation
91
Types of sweat glands- merocrine glands
release cell contents like pancreas. eccrien
