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Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules

A

Compounds w/ C & H that are synthesized by cells

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2
Q

Why is carbon so important to life

A

C has 4 electrons in a shell that holds 8, high bonding potential

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3
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with identical formulas but different structures & different reactions

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4
Q

Monomer

A

a single chemical unit e.g. molecule. nucleotides, glucose, amino acids

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5
Q

Polymer

A

a long chain of identical(or very similar) monomers e.g. proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

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6
Q

Dehydration(synthesis)

A

bonding monomers together polymers by removing h2o from a bod e.g. starch formation

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7
Q

Hydrolysis(decomposition)

A

breaking polymers into monomers by adding h20 to a bond e.g. digestion

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

composed of saccharide(sugar) monomers. contain CHO (in ratio of 1:2:1) e.g. sugar, starch, cellulose

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9
Q

Monosaccharide

A

1 monomer e.g. glucose, fructose

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monomers e.g. sucrose, maltose

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11
Q

Polysaccharides3

A

≥3 monomers e.g. starch, cellulose(fiber), glycogen

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12
Q

Lipid

A

non-polar molecule of mostly C&H in a 1:2 ratio e.g. fat, oils, waxes, steroids. CAN’T be POLYMERS

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13
Q

Fatty acids

A

long c-h chains w/ carboxylic acids head

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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

all C bonded w/ maximum # of H e.g. animal fats & “tropical oils”

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15
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

maximum # of H not bonded to C e.g. plant oils & animal omega 3 oil

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16
Q

Glyceride

A

fatty acids attached to a glycerol

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17
Q

Monoglyceride

A

glyceride + 1 fatty acids

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18
Q

Diglyceride

A

glyceride + 2 fatty acids

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19
Q

Triglyceride

A

glyceride + 3 fatty acids

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20
Q

Steroid

A

four-ringed lipids e.g. cholesterol, sex hormones

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21
Q

Phospholipid

A

Diglyceride attached to a non-lipid group & a phosphate group e.g. cell membrane

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22
Q

Glycolipids

A

Diglyceride attached to a CHO non-lipid group

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23
Q

Proteins are composed of what?

A

amino acids monomers

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24
Q

Protein functional classes

A

structural, contractile, storage, defensive, transport, signal, enzyme

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25
Protein: structural
hair, tendons, fingernails
26
Protein: contractile
muscles
27
Protein: storage
albumin
28
Protein: defensive
antibodies
29
Protein: transport
hemoglobin
30
Protein: signal
some hormones
31
Protein: enzyme
catalyze chemical reactions w/out becoming part of the reaction
32
Peptide bonding
bonding of amino acids monomers to each other by a peptide (C-N) bond via dehydration synthesis
33
Dipeptide
two amino acids
34
Polypeptide
a chain of amino acids
35
Primary
sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
36
Secondary
helix or pleating
37
Tertiary
overall 3d shape of protein
38
Quatenery
inter-twining of ≥ 2 polypeptide chains e.g. hemoglobin
39
Denaturing
a change in dimensional structure e.g. hard boiled eggs, perms, fever
40
Nucleic Acids are?
composed of linked nucleotide monomers
41
Nucleotide is
Sugar + phosphate + N base(thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
42
DNA composition
C+G, A+T
43
RNA composition
C+G, A+U
44
Polynucleotides: RNA
single strand of nucleotide & ribose sugar (in cytoplasm)
45
Polynucleotides: ATP(Adenosine TriPhosphate)
Modified (adenine-containing) RNA nucleotide used for cellular
46
Polynucleotides: DNA
double strand of nucleotide monomers & deoxyribose sugar(inside nucleus)
47
Cell theory
the cell is the basic living unit of organization, all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
48
Plasma (cell) membranes
the boundary between the internal & external environment, also regulates what enters and leaves the cell
49
Where is plasma formed from?
it is formed from a lipid bi-layer w/ integral & peripheral proteins
50
Anchoring Proteins
attach plasma membrane to surrounding cells/structures
51
Recognition proteins
Identify cells as "self cells" (non-foreign cells)
52
Receptor proteins
binding site for extracellular molecules & ions
53
Carrier proteins
bind to solutes & carry across membrane
54
Channel proteins
form channel through membrane
55
Cytosol
the semi-fluid environment of the cell
56
Function of cytosol
supplies the baisc substances required for the functioning of the cell
57
Organelles
membrane/cytoskeleton bound structures in the cytoplasm which carry on or support the function og the cell
58
Cytosol+ organelles
cytoplasm
59
Nucleus
bound by a membrane(contains chromosomes and nucleolus)
60
Tight(occluding) junction
cells "zippered" together to prevent movement of extracellular materials e.g. epithelium of gut, brain vessels(blood-brain barrier)
61
Gap junctions
allows intercellular movement of material e.g. myocardium
62
Desmosome
network of proteins between cells that provides strength to tissue e.g. skin
63
Ribosome
protein synthesis
64
Endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranous channels, tubes & flattened sacs which form compartments w/in the cytoplasm
65
Smooth ER
processing of proteins destined for secretion from the cell, manufacture of lipid and protein components of organelles
66
Rough ER
akk functions of smooth ER plus protein synthesis by attached ribosomes
67
Golgi apparatus
receive materials(proteins) from the ER, package & transport them to organelles or the plasma membrane
68
Mitochondrion
extration of energy from CHO, ATP formation
69
How much mitocondria does a typical cell have?
about 1,700
70
How much mitocondria does a high energy demanding cell have?
in the 1,000s
71
Lysosomes
Membraneous sacs
72
function of lysosomes
degradation, recycling of materials, removal of bacteria & worn cells
73
Peroxisome
membraneous sacs
74
function of peroxisome
catalyze reactions & remove hydrogen peroxide
75
Cytoskeleton
internal framework of microfilaments and microtubules to which organelles & chromosomes are anchored
76
Cell surface- Cilium
extension of the cell membrane
77
function of the cilium
propulsion & movement of substances
78
cell surface- flagellum
complex structure on cell surface. its used for propulsion
79
Lipid bi-layer
for substances soluble in lipids(non-polar e.g. O2, CO2, steroids, anesthetics)
80
Integral protein channels
for substances not soluble in lipids(polar) e.g. H2O, Na+, Cl-
81
Protein water pores
for h2o
82
Passive systems
No cellular energy required w/ movement down a concentration gradients(higher to lower)
83
Brownian Movement
the constant movement of molecules (above absolute zero)
84
Diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration across/through a membrane
85
Simple diffusion
movement of a solute directly through the lipid bi-layer(membrane)
86
Faciliated diffusion
movement of a solute through membrane-imbedded proteins via a change in the molecular structure of the protein e.g. insulin promotes faciliated of glucose
87
Osmosis
movement of water molecules from an area of greater water molecule concentration to an area of lesser water molecule concentration across/through a membrane
88
rules of passive membrane transport
molecules(solutes & water) move from an area of higher to lower concentration, osmosis will always occur (even when diffusion can't),
89
Isotonic
solute concentration equal on both sides of membrane
90
Hypotonic
solute concentration lower in environment
91
Hypertonic
solute concentration higher in environment
92
what factors affect the rates of diffusion?
temperature, molecule size, membrane permeability, concentration gradient, polarity
93
filtration
movement of molecules from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure e.g. fluids in capillaries
94
active systems
require cellular energy (ATP) to move against a concentration gradient (low to high)
95
Active transport
movement of substances via protein channels (pumps) e.g. Na+, amino acids, H+, K, Ca
96
how much of a cell's energy may be used for active transport systems?
40%
97
Endocytosis
movement of substances into cell by the movement of the membrane
98
Phagocytosis
intake of solutes/solids e.g. leucocytes & bacteria
99
Pinocytosis
intake of liquids
100
Receptor mediated endocytosis
receptors on membrane surface select for molecules e.g. LDL cholesterol
101
Exocytosis
expulsion of substances from cell e.g. proteins, neurotransmitters, melanocytes
102
Transcytosis
movement within a cell via vesicles e.g. HIV through epithelial cells

Biology 121 (6 decks)

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