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Biology 121 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic molecules

A

Compounds w/ C & H that are synthesized by cells

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2
Q

Why is carbon so important to life

A

C has 4 electrons in a shell that holds 8, high bonding potential

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3
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with identical formulas but different structures & different reactions

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4
Q

Monomer

A

a single chemical unit e.g. molecule. nucleotides, glucose, amino acids

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5
Q

Polymer

A

a long chain of identical(or very similar) monomers e.g. proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

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6
Q

Dehydration(synthesis)

A

bonding monomers together polymers by removing h2o from a bod e.g. starch formation

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7
Q

Hydrolysis(decomposition)

A

breaking polymers into monomers by adding h20 to a bond e.g. digestion

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

composed of saccharide(sugar) monomers. contain CHO (in ratio of 1:2:1) e.g. sugar, starch, cellulose

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9
Q

Monosaccharide

A

1 monomer e.g. glucose, fructose

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monomers e.g. sucrose, maltose

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11
Q

Polysaccharides3

A

≥3 monomers e.g. starch, cellulose(fiber), glycogen

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12
Q

Lipid

A

non-polar molecule of mostly C&H in a 1:2 ratio e.g. fat, oils, waxes, steroids. CAN’T be POLYMERS

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13
Q

Fatty acids

A

long c-h chains w/ carboxylic acids head

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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

all C bonded w/ maximum # of H e.g. animal fats & “tropical oils”

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15
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

maximum # of H not bonded to C e.g. plant oils & animal omega 3 oil

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16
Q

Glyceride

A

fatty acids attached to a glycerol

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17
Q

Monoglyceride

A

glyceride + 1 fatty acids

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18
Q

Diglyceride

A

glyceride + 2 fatty acids

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19
Q

Triglyceride

A

glyceride + 3 fatty acids

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20
Q

Steroid

A

four-ringed lipids e.g. cholesterol, sex hormones

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21
Q

Phospholipid

A

Diglyceride attached to a non-lipid group & a phosphate group e.g. cell membrane

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22
Q

Glycolipids

A

Diglyceride attached to a CHO non-lipid group

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23
Q

Proteins are composed of what?

A

amino acids monomers

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24
Q

Protein functional classes

A

structural, contractile, storage, defensive, transport, signal, enzyme

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25
Q

Protein: structural

A

hair, tendons, fingernails

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26
Q

Protein: contractile

A

muscles

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27
Q

Protein: storage

A

albumin

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28
Q

Protein: defensive

A

antibodies

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29
Q

Protein: transport

A

hemoglobin

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30
Q

Protein: signal

A

some hormones

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31
Q

Protein: enzyme

A

catalyze chemical reactions w/out becoming part of the reaction

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32
Q

Peptide bonding

A

bonding of amino acids monomers to each other by a peptide (C-N) bond via dehydration synthesis

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33
Q

Dipeptide

A

two amino acids

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34
Q

Polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids

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35
Q

Primary

A

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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36
Q

Secondary

A

helix or pleating

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37
Q

Tertiary

A

overall 3d shape of protein

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38
Q

Quatenery

A

inter-twining of ≥ 2 polypeptide chains e.g. hemoglobin

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39
Q

Denaturing

A

a change in dimensional structure e.g. hard boiled eggs, perms, fever

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40
Q

Nucleic Acids are?

A

composed of linked nucleotide monomers

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41
Q

Nucleotide is

A

Sugar + phosphate + N base(thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)

42
Q

DNA composition

A

C+G, A+T

43
Q

RNA composition

A

C+G, A+U

44
Q

Polynucleotides: RNA

A

single strand of nucleotide & ribose sugar (in cytoplasm)

45
Q

Polynucleotides: ATP(Adenosine TriPhosphate)

A

Modified (adenine-containing) RNA nucleotide used for cellular

46
Q

Polynucleotides: DNA

A

double strand of nucleotide monomers & deoxyribose sugar(inside nucleus)

47
Q

Cell theory

A

the cell is the basic living unit of organization, all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

48
Q

Plasma (cell) membranes

A

the boundary between the internal & external environment, also regulates what enters and leaves the cell

49
Q

Where is plasma formed from?

A

it is formed from a lipid bi-layer w/ integral & peripheral proteins

50
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

attach plasma membrane to surrounding cells/structures

51
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Identify cells as “self cells” (non-foreign cells)

52
Q

Receptor proteins

A

binding site for extracellular molecules & ions

53
Q

Carrier proteins

A

bind to solutes & carry across membrane

54
Q

Channel proteins

A

form channel through membrane

55
Q

Cytosol

A

the semi-fluid environment of the cell

56
Q

Function of cytosol

A

supplies the baisc substances required for the functioning of the cell

57
Q

Organelles

A

membrane/cytoskeleton bound structures in the cytoplasm which carry on or support the function og the cell

58
Q

Cytosol+ organelles

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

Nucleus

A

bound by a membrane(contains chromosomes and nucleolus)

60
Q

Tight(occluding) junction

A

cells “zippered” together to prevent movement of extracellular materials e.g. epithelium of gut, brain vessels(blood-brain barrier)

61
Q

Gap junctions

A

allows intercellular movement of material e.g. myocardium

62
Q

Desmosome

A

network of proteins between cells that provides strength to tissue e.g. skin

63
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis

64
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranous channels, tubes & flattened sacs which form compartments w/in the cytoplasm

65
Q

Smooth ER

A

processing of proteins destined for secretion from the cell, manufacture of lipid and protein components of organelles

66
Q

Rough ER

A

akk functions of smooth ER plus protein synthesis by attached ribosomes

67
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receive materials(proteins) from the ER, package & transport them to organelles or the plasma membrane

68
Q

Mitochondrion

A

extration of energy from CHO, ATP formation

69
Q

How much mitocondria does a typical cell have?

A

about 1,700

70
Q

How much mitocondria does a high energy demanding cell have?

A

in the 1,000s

71
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membraneous sacs

72
Q

function of lysosomes

A

degradation, recycling of materials, removal of bacteria & worn cells

73
Q

Peroxisome

A

membraneous sacs

74
Q

function of peroxisome

A

catalyze reactions & remove hydrogen peroxide

75
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

internal framework of microfilaments and microtubules to which organelles & chromosomes are anchored

76
Q

Cell surface- Cilium

A

extension of the cell membrane

77
Q

function of the cilium

A

propulsion & movement of substances

78
Q

cell surface- flagellum

A

complex structure on cell surface. its used for propulsion

79
Q

Lipid bi-layer

A

for substances soluble in lipids(non-polar e.g. O2, CO2, steroids, anesthetics)

80
Q

Integral protein channels

A

for substances not soluble in lipids(polar) e.g. H2O, Na+, Cl-

81
Q

Protein water pores

A

for h2o

82
Q

Passive systems

A

No cellular energy required w/ movement down a concentration gradients(higher to lower)

83
Q

Brownian Movement

A

the constant movement of molecules (above absolute zero)

84
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration across/through a membrane

85
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute directly through the lipid bi-layer(membrane)

86
Q

Faciliated diffusion

A

movement of a solute through membrane-imbedded proteins via a change in the molecular structure of the protein e.g. insulin promotes faciliated of glucose

87
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from an area of greater water molecule concentration to an area of lesser water molecule concentration across/through a membrane

88
Q

rules of passive membrane transport

A

molecules(solutes & water) move from an area of higher to lower concentration, osmosis will always occur (even when diffusion can’t),

89
Q

Isotonic

A

solute concentration equal on both sides of membrane

90
Q

Hypotonic

A

solute concentration lower in environment

91
Q

Hypertonic

A

solute concentration higher in environment

92
Q

what factors affect the rates of diffusion?

A

temperature, molecule size, membrane permeability, concentration gradient, polarity

93
Q

filtration

A

movement of molecules from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure e.g. fluids in capillaries

94
Q

active systems

A

require cellular energy (ATP) to move against a concentration gradient (low to high)

95
Q

Active transport

A

movement of substances via protein channels (pumps) e.g. Na+, amino acids, H+, K, Ca

96
Q

how much of a cell’s energy may be used for active transport systems?

A

40%

97
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement of substances into cell by the movement of the membrane

98
Q

Phagocytosis

A

intake of solutes/solids e.g. leucocytes & bacteria

99
Q

Pinocytosis

A

intake of liquids

100
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

receptors on membrane surface select for molecules e.g. LDL cholesterol

101
Q

Exocytosis

A

expulsion of substances from cell e.g. proteins, neurotransmitters, melanocytes

102
Q

Transcytosis

A

movement within a cell via vesicles e.g. HIV through epithelial cells

Biology 121 (6 decks)

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