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Biology 121 > Skeletal + muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal + muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of bones

A

support(pelvis), protection(ribs, cranium), leverage/body movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) which is formed in red marrow and found in spongy tissue of flat bone & vertebrae, mineral store like calcium & phosphate as calcium phosphate(70% by weight), shock absorption(collagen and joints), fat storage(yellow marrow)

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2
Q

Bone classification

A

Long(femur), short(carpals), flat(ribs), irregular(vertebrae), round/sesamoid(patella), sutural(cranial)

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3
Q

Epiphysis

A

Flared end w/ hyaline cartilage that forms joint

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous & vascular membrane covering all non-cartilage surfaces

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6
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

composed of osteons

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7
Q

Spongy (cancellous/trabecular) bone

A

composed of trabeculae

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8
Q

Medullae

A

linear cavity formed by the hollow of the compact bone

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9
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane containing bone-forming cells that lines medulla

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10
Q

marrow

A

soft connective tissue that fills medulla

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11
Q

Red marrow function

A

Red/white blood cells formation

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12
Q

Yellow marrow function

A

fat storage

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13
Q

Bone cells: osteoprogenitors

A

stem cells that give rise to osetoblasts & osteocytes(reside in periosteum & endosteum)

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14
Q

Bone cells: osteoblasts

A

bone deposition

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15
Q

Bone cells: osteocyte

A

in lacunae and it does bone maintenance via waste removal and transports nutrients (osteocytes are mature osteoblasts)

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16
Q

What does bone cancers affect

A

osteoclasts and causes bone loss

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17
Q

What does prostate cancer affect

A

osteoblasts and stimulates bone production

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18
Q

When does bone formation begin

A

at 6 weeks

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19
Q

Intramembranous

A

originate in sheet-like layers of connective tissue (flat and sesamoid bones)

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20
Q

Endochondral

A

from ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models (long, irregular, short bone)

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21
Q

Appositional

A

increases diameter of long bones

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22
Q

Vitamins

A

vitamin D(Ca absoption in small intest.), Vitamin A(Osteoblast and o.clast activity during fetal development), Vitamin C(collagen formation in bones)

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23
Q

What does low vitamin D result in

A

bone softening or rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

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24
Q

UV exposure

A

Vitamin D synthesized (from dehydrocholestrol in diet or digestive tract synthesis) in presence of UV

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25
Q

Mechanical stress

A

stimulates osteoblasts (dental implants)

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26
Q

Hormones

A

secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries& testes

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27
Q

How much more skeletal mass do male have more than females

A

1/3

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28
Q

Pituatary dwarfism

A

lower levels of human growth hormone(that stimulates mitosis in cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks), normal body proportions but dwarfed & <4’10”

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29
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

higher levels of HGH(therefore increases mitosis in cartilage) results in stature+ 8 ft

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30
Q

Acromegaly

A

higher levels of HGH results in enlarged hands, feet, jaw, organs

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31
Q

Chondrodysplasia

A

irregular collagen fibers(too wide & assymetric) stunted growth growth, deformed joints

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32
Q

Osteogenesis(type 1)

A

too few collagen fibers, easily broken bones

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33
Q

fractues

A

any cracking or breaking of bone

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34
Q

Fracture origins

A

traumatic- via injury, pathologic(spontaneous)- via disease

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35
Q

Closed Fracture

A

skin not broken via bone movement

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36
Q

Compound(open) fracture

A

skin broken via bone movement exposing fracture

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37
Q

Complete fracture

A

bone broken into any greater than 2 pieces

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38
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

bone not broken into 2 pieces

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39
Q

What have recent studies shown about bone fractures and bone density

A

There is an increase in bone fracture rates in teens and young adults accompanied by a decrease in bone density due to poor diet

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40
Q

What happens in osteoporosis

A

trabeculae are lost & compact bone develops open spaces due to inactivity of osteoblasts & continued osteoclast activity

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41
Q

Cleft palate

A

incompletely fused palatine processes or palatines

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42
Q

Mastoiditis

A

bacterial infection of mastoid (& associated mucous membranes) via middle ear infections(otitis media), meninges may become infected

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43
Q

Bulging(slipped) disk

A

w/ age, annulus (a. fibrosus) cracks, nucleus (n. pulposus) loses firmness

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44
Q

Herniated(ruptured) disc

A

higher pressure & cracks & nucleus squeezes out= numbness, muscle weakness

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45
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature, causes hunchback, rounded shoulders

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46
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature, causes swayback(leaning forward)

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47
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral displacement- causes one hip or shoulder to be lower than the other. mostly common in females

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48
Q

Dorsal bowing

A

disks shrink & compress w/ age. causes dorsal rotation= back bow

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49
Q

Polydactyly

A

possession of extra digit

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50
Q

Club foot

A

foot twists out of normal position during development(dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial) cause unknown

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51
Q

Tibialis(osgood-schlatter)

A

inflammation of tibial tuberosity due to overuse of thigh muscles

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52
Q

Detachment

A

when tendons and ligaments get detached from their insertions

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53
Q

Aging of the skeleton- #Osteoclasts > #osteoblasts

A

bone removal exceeds bone despostion, osteoporosis can result and spongy bone(trabeculae) reabsorbed before compact bone

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54
Q

Aging of the skeleton- Height reduction

A

compression of discs and vertebral body. after 30th birthday and compression fractures increase

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55
Q

Aging of the skeleton- collagen/Ca ratio decreases

A

brittle bones

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56
Q

Aging of the skeleton- rise in interosteonic gaps

A

as bone remodeling continues, not all osteons are replaced, cause gaps in bone

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57
Q

Aging of the skeleton- Joint Degeneration

A

cartilage & ligament regeneration decreases

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58
Q

Joints

A

junctions between bones that function to articulate bones

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59
Q

Functional(mobility) classification- synarthortic

A

immovable(cranial joint)

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60
Q

Functional(mobility) classification- amphiarthrotic

A

some movement(female coccyx)

61
Q

Functional(mobility) classification- diarthric

A

movable(elbow)

62
Q

Structural Classification- Fibrous

A

bound by collagenous ligaments

63
Q

Structural Classification- Cartilaginous

A

bound by hyaline cartilage

64
Q

Structural Classification- Synovial

A

bound by the capsule of collagen, most body joints are synovial and are diarthrotic

65
Q

Joint Components- Articular cartilage

A

decrease in friction

66
Q

Joint Components- Subchondral plate

A

absorbs shock, obesity & jogging may fracture subchondral plate(which is spongy bone) causing extreme pain

67
Q

Joint Components- Joint(articular/synovial) capsule

A

encloses & stabilizes joint, holds synovial fluid in place

68
Q

vSynovial membrane

A

secrete synocial fluid which cushions, lubricates, supply nutrients & O2 to cartilage

69
Q

Joint Components- Meniscus

A

absorb compression Menisci are attached to joint capsule.

70
Q

Joint Components- Bursae

A

synovial membrane-lined chambers/sacs w/ syn. fluid

71
Q

Joint Components- Ligaments

A

may be intergral w/ capsule or independent, limits joint movement

72
Q

What is bursitis

A

inflamation of a bursae(tennis elbow & olecranon bursa) common flexor tendon

73
Q

Labrum

A

fibrocartilage that lines the glenoid acetabulum and it cushions & stabilizes the shoulder & hip

74
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint> 100 types affect more than 50 million Americans

75
Q

Arthitis types- Osteo

A

genetic or traumatic degeneration of the articular cartilage

76
Q

Arthitis types- Rheumatoid

A

autoimmune disorder causes inflammation of synov. membrane, koss of artic. cartilage & higher fibers in joint

77
Q

Arthitis types- Bacterial

A

lyme, staphylococcus, streptococcus, gonnorrhea, mycobacterium

78
Q

Joint hypermobility syndrome(double jointed)

A

abnormal higher range of motion and higher risk of injury to joint

79
Q

Gout

A

accumulation of uric acid crystals in small joints causes extreme pain. it happens cause nucleotides aren’t recycled

80
Q

Torn ACL/meniscus

A

from sudden turn while joint flexed

81
Q

Sprains

A

tearing of joint tendons & or ligaments

82
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

bacterial infection of bone

83
Q

Life-span changes in joints- fibrous joints

A

ossify partially or completely

84
Q

Life-span changes in joints- symphysis joints

A

lose H2O, lower flexibility(common in veterbral discs)

85
Q

Life-span changes in joints- Synovial joints

A

blood to synovial membrane decreases, fibers increase, flexibilith of joint decreas at 35 years

86
Q

Life-span changes in joints- Ligaments

A

collagens fibers cross link decrease flexibility in ligaments

87
Q

Function of Muscles-

A

movement: skeletal-movement of skeleton, smooth- movement within hollow organs(intestines, stomach, vessels, bronchioles), cardiac- circulation). thermoregulation, protection from trauma- major nerves& vessels, nutrient reserves- provide proteins for amino acids & energy

88
Q

Type of Muscles- Skeletal

A

600 in humans. usually attached to bone, voluntary, rapid contraction & fatigue

89
Q

Type of Muscles- Smooth

A

in organs& vessels& dermis, involuntary, slow contraction & fatigue

90
Q

Type of Muscles- Cardiac

A

in heart, involuntary, rapid contraction & fatigue

91
Q

fascia

A

layers of dense irregular CT holding individual muscles in position & attached to adjoing tissues

92
Q

tendons

A

extension of fascia (& endo/perimysium) that attaches a muscle to a focused point on bone

93
Q

Aponeurosis

A

broad sheets of CT that attach adjoining muscles or to broad areas of bone

94
Q

Epimysium

A

irregular CT on surface of muscle

95
Q

Perimysium

A

CT that separates fascicles

96
Q

Endomysium

A

CT that separates fibers(cells) w/in fascicle

97
Q

Muscle Hierarchy

A

whole muscle>fascicle>fiber>myofibrils>myofilaments

98
Q

whole muscle

A

sartorius

99
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers(celles)

100
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane

101
Q

Sacroplasma

A

cell cytoplasm

102
Q

myofibrils

A

contractile units

103
Q

Path note: Strains

A

torn muscle fibers(cells) result in a minor muscle strain. if many fibers & the fascia tears, it results in severe muscle strain

104
Q

Path note Duchenne’s

A

the skeletal muscles protein dystropin(0.002% of skeletal muscle protein) prevents tearing of sarcolemma during contration. those with duchennes muscular dystrophy do not produce dystropin

105
Q

Sarcomere

A

repeating functional units of the muscle, the actual site of contraction(=10000/ myofibril)

106
Q

Sarcomere Components- Thick filament

A

Myosin- thick filamentous contractile proteins w/ cross bridges

107
Q

Sarcomere Components- Thin filament

A

Actin- protein backbone of thin filament

108
Q

Sarcomere Components- Tropomyosin

A

blocks cross-bridge binding sites on actin

109
Q

Sarcomere Components- Troponin

A

controls position of tropomyosin

110
Q

Sarcomere Components- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum & cisternae

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum w/ higher levels of Ca2+ ions

111
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

area between motor neuron & end plate

112
Q

Motor end plate

A

site of motor neuron interface w/ muscle fiber

113
Q

Motor neuron

A

nerve cell that stimulates muscle fiber to contract(by releasing neurotransmitters from its vesicles)

114
Q

What is poliomyelitis

A

a viral infection of the motor neuron resulting in paralysis of the infected muscles

115
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

an autoimmune disorder that attacks ACh receptors on muscle cells resulting in muscle weakness & possible death

116
Q

What does nerve gas do?

A

blocks ACh receptors causing muscle weakness & possible death

117
Q

What happens several hours after post-mortem

A

cisternae release Ca initiating contraction(rigor mortis, cross bridges dont release since remaining ATP was used in contraction

118
Q

What do insecticides do

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing uncontrolled muscle contraction & death

119
Q

Ambient ATP

A

is the source of initial contraction & relaxation(required to connect & disconnect cross bridges)

120
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

supplies energy to recycle ADP -> ATP

121
Q

What happens when ambient ATP & creatine phosphate decreases

A

cells start depending on cellular respiration for ATP (from breakdown of glycogen)

122
Q

Where does oxygen for respiration come from

A

myoglobin(which has a > O2 storage ability than hemoglobin)

123
Q

When O2 supply decreases

A

anaerobic respiratory begins

124
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue(inability to contract)

A

decrease in blood flow, decrease in Calcium ion levels due to repeated stimulation, perception of fatigue, increase in lactic acid lowers pH & stops contraction

125
Q

When do cramps occur

A

electrolytes in the extracellular fluid imbalace causing uncontrolled muscle stimulation

126
Q

What are 3 sources of energy used to regenerate ATP?

A

creatine phosphate, aerobic & anaerobic respiration

127
Q

What are the 2 sources of glucose for muscle respiration?

A

glycogen and lactic acid via liver

128
Q

Twitsh

A

one tension(contraction) & relaxtion

129
Q

Treppe(staricase effect)

A

increased tension w/ each stimulus(of equal intensity). full relaxation is achieved. treppe is not common in skeletal muscles

130
Q

summation

A

increase in frequency of stimuli results in only partial relaxation & increase strength of tension like uterus in labor

131
Q

Tetanus

A

peak or almost peak tension is produced via rapid cycles of contraction & relaxation

132
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

almost peak tension via partial relaxation between impulses

133
Q

Complete tetanus

A

peak tension w/o relaxatio like cramping of gastrocnemius

134
Q

What does Anaerobic bacterium(clostridium tetani) cause

A

spasms of skeletal muscle(tetanus) resulting in paralysis & death

135
Q

Slow Twitch(red fiber)- type 1

A

slow contraction, delayed fatigue due to higher myoglobin & higher mitochondria called aerobic respiratory e.g. back postural muscles

136
Q

Fast twitch(white fiber)- type IIa/ Glycolic

A

rapid contraction, rapid fatigue due to decrease in myoglobin & decrease mitochondria called anaerobic repiratory e.e w/in eye & hand

137
Q

Intermediate- type IIb/ fast-twitch fatigueable

A

fast twitch w/ delayed fatigue. an intermediate between fast & slow twitch

138
Q

isotonic length

A

changes the length of the muscle while maintaining constant contraction

139
Q

Isotonic contraction- concentric

A

muscle shprtens: contraction force> resisitance e.g. lifting weights

140
Q

Isotonic contraction- eccentric

A

muscle lengthens; contraction force < resistance e.g. laying wieghts down

141
Q

Isotonic contraction- isometric

A

contraction w/o equal length .g. postural muscles

142
Q

Atrophy

A

lack of use. capillaries & mitochondria, actin & myosin decreases causes decrease in size of muscle

143
Q

Hypertrophy

A

extensive use, increase in capillaries, mitochondria, actin & myosin causes increase in muscle size

144
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

single nucleus, actin & myosin thinner, fibers more random in distance causes no striations, ACh & norepinephrine(noradrenaline) as neurotransmitter, tropononin absent(calmodulin present), may be stimulated by hormones e.g. oxytocing & uterine contractions, stretching may cause contactins e.g. urinary bladder, intestines

145
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle motor unit

A

cells contract independently e.g. iris, blood vessels

146
Q

Visceral smooth muscle motor unit

A

cells contract as a unit e.g. digestive & urinary tract, uterus. capable of rhythmic contractions called peristalsis. communicate via gap junctions in membrane

147
Q

characteristic of cardiac muscle

A

3D network of branched cells, single nucleus, actin & myosin have symmetrical distance causes striations, intercalated disks(increase in intercellular surface area causes transport of ions between cells cause rapid, unified contraction), no refractory period than skeletal causes no tetanus

148
Q

Life Span Changes (by 40s)

A

Myoglobin-ATP-creatine phosphate decrease, diameter of skeletal muscle fibers decreases, diameter of smooth muscle cells in vessels increases causes decrease in elasticity, contractions decrease in force, connective & adipose replace some muscle, increase atrophy(50% of muscle mass by 80)

Biology 121 (6 decks)

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