Skeletal + muscle Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of bones
A
support(pelvis), protection(ribs, cranium), leverage/body movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) which is formed in red marrow and found in spongy tissue of flat bone & vertebrae, mineral store like calcium & phosphate as calcium phosphate(70% by weight), shock absorption(collagen and joints), fat storage(yellow marrow)
2
Q
Bone classification
A
Long(femur), short(carpals), flat(ribs), irregular(vertebrae), round/sesamoid(patella), sutural(cranial)
3
Q
Epiphysis
A
Flared end w/ hyaline cartilage that forms joint
4
Q
Diaphysis
A
shaft
5
Q
Periosteum
A
Fibrous & vascular membrane covering all non-cartilage surfaces
6
Q
Compact (cortical) bone
A
composed of osteons
7
Q
Spongy (cancellous/trabecular) bone
A
composed of trabeculae
8
Q
Medullae
A
linear cavity formed by the hollow of the compact bone
9
Q
Endosteum
A
membrane containing bone-forming cells that lines medulla
10
Q
marrow
A
soft connective tissue that fills medulla
11
Q
Red marrow function
A
Red/white blood cells formation
12
Q
Yellow marrow function
A
fat storage
13
Q
Bone cells: osteoprogenitors
A
stem cells that give rise to osetoblasts & osteocytes(reside in periosteum & endosteum)
14
Q
Bone cells: osteoblasts
A
bone deposition
15
Q
Bone cells: osteocyte
A
in lacunae and it does bone maintenance via waste removal and transports nutrients (osteocytes are mature osteoblasts)
16
Q
What does bone cancers affect
A
osteoclasts and causes bone loss
17
Q
What does prostate cancer affect
A
osteoblasts and stimulates bone production
18
Q
When does bone formation begin
A
at 6 weeks
19
Q
Intramembranous
A
originate in sheet-like layers of connective tissue (flat and sesamoid bones)
20
Q
Endochondral
A
from ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models (long, irregular, short bone)
21
Q
Appositional
A
increases diameter of long bones
22
Q
Vitamins
A
vitamin D(Ca absoption in small intest.), Vitamin A(Osteoblast and o.clast activity during fetal development), Vitamin C(collagen formation in bones)
23
Q
What does low vitamin D result in
A
bone softening or rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
24
Q
UV exposure
A
Vitamin D synthesized (from dehydrocholestrol in diet or digestive tract synthesis) in presence of UV
25
Mechanical stress
stimulates osteoblasts (dental implants)
26
Hormones
secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries& testes
27
How much more skeletal mass do male have more than females
1/3
28
Pituatary dwarfism
lower levels of human growth hormone(that stimulates mitosis in cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks), normal body proportions but dwarfed & <4'10"
29
Pituitary gigantism
higher levels of HGH(therefore increases mitosis in cartilage) results in stature+ 8 ft
30
Acromegaly
higher levels of HGH results in enlarged hands, feet, jaw, organs
31
Chondrodysplasia
irregular collagen fibers(too wide & assymetric) stunted growth growth, deformed joints
32
Osteogenesis(type 1)
too few collagen fibers, easily broken bones
33
fractues
any cracking or breaking of bone
34
Fracture origins
traumatic- via injury, pathologic(spontaneous)- via disease
35
Closed Fracture
skin not broken via bone movement
36
Compound(open) fracture
skin broken via bone movement exposing fracture
37
Complete fracture
bone broken into any greater than 2 pieces
38
Incomplete fracture
bone not broken into 2 pieces
39
What have recent studies shown about bone fractures and bone density
There is an increase in bone fracture rates in teens and young adults accompanied by a decrease in bone density due to poor diet
40
What happens in osteoporosis
trabeculae are lost & compact bone develops open spaces due to inactivity of osteoblasts & continued osteoclast activity
41
Cleft palate
incompletely fused palatine processes or palatines
42
Mastoiditis
bacterial infection of mastoid (& associated mucous membranes) via middle ear infections(otitis media), meninges may become infected
43
Bulging(slipped) disk
w/ age, annulus (a. fibrosus) cracks, nucleus (n. pulposus) loses firmness
44
Herniated(ruptured) disc
higher pressure & cracks & nucleus squeezes out= numbness, muscle weakness
45
Kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curvature, causes hunchback, rounded shoulders
46
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curvature, causes swayback(leaning forward)
47
Scoliosis
lateral displacement- causes one hip or shoulder to be lower than the other. mostly common in females
48
Dorsal bowing
disks shrink & compress w/ age. causes dorsal rotation= back bow
49
Polydactyly
possession of extra digit
50
Club foot
foot twists out of normal position during development(dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial) cause unknown
51
Tibialis(osgood-schlatter)
inflammation of tibial tuberosity due to overuse of thigh muscles
52
Detachment
when tendons and ligaments get detached from their insertions
53
Aging of the skeleton- #Osteoclasts > #osteoblasts
bone removal exceeds bone despostion, osteoporosis can result and spongy bone(trabeculae) reabsorbed before compact bone
54
Aging of the skeleton- Height reduction
compression of discs and vertebral body. after 30th birthday and compression fractures increase
55
Aging of the skeleton- collagen/Ca ratio decreases
brittle bones
56
Aging of the skeleton- rise in interosteonic gaps
as bone remodeling continues, not all osteons are replaced, cause gaps in bone
57
Aging of the skeleton- Joint Degeneration
cartilage & ligament regeneration decreases
58
Joints
junctions between bones that function to articulate bones
59
Functional(mobility) classification- synarthortic
immovable(cranial joint)
60
Functional(mobility) classification- amphiarthrotic
some movement(female coccyx)
61
Functional(mobility) classification- diarthric
movable(elbow)
62
Structural Classification- Fibrous
bound by collagenous ligaments
63
Structural Classification- Cartilaginous
bound by hyaline cartilage
64
Structural Classification- Synovial
bound by the capsule of collagen, most body joints are synovial and are diarthrotic
65
Joint Components- Articular cartilage
decrease in friction
66
Joint Components- Subchondral plate
absorbs shock, obesity & jogging may fracture subchondral plate(which is spongy bone) causing extreme pain
67
Joint Components- Joint(articular/synovial) capsule
encloses & stabilizes joint, holds synovial fluid in place
68
vSynovial membrane
secrete synocial fluid which cushions, lubricates, supply nutrients & O2 to cartilage
69
Joint Components- Meniscus
absorb compression Menisci are attached to joint capsule.
70
Joint Components- Bursae
synovial membrane-lined chambers/sacs w/ syn. fluid
71
Joint Components- Ligaments
may be intergral w/ capsule or independent, limits joint movement
72
What is bursitis
inflamation of a bursae(tennis elbow & olecranon bursa) common flexor tendon
73
Labrum
fibrocartilage that lines the glenoid acetabulum and it cushions & stabilizes the shoulder & hip
74
Arthritis
inflammation of a joint> 100 types affect more than 50 million Americans
75
Arthitis types- Osteo
genetic or traumatic degeneration of the articular cartilage
76
Arthitis types- Rheumatoid
autoimmune disorder causes inflammation of synov. membrane, koss of artic. cartilage & higher fibers in joint
77
Arthitis types- Bacterial
lyme, staphylococcus, streptococcus, gonnorrhea, mycobacterium
78
Joint hypermobility syndrome(double jointed)
abnormal higher range of motion and higher risk of injury to joint
79
Gout
accumulation of uric acid crystals in small joints causes extreme pain. it happens cause nucleotides aren't recycled
80
Torn ACL/meniscus
from sudden turn while joint flexed
81
Sprains
tearing of joint tendons & or ligaments
82
Osteomyelitis
bacterial infection of bone
83
Life-span changes in joints- fibrous joints
ossify partially or completely
84
Life-span changes in joints- symphysis joints
lose H2O, lower flexibility(common in veterbral discs)
85
Life-span changes in joints- Synovial joints
blood to synovial membrane decreases, fibers increase, flexibilith of joint decreas at 35 years
86
Life-span changes in joints- Ligaments
collagens fibers cross link decrease flexibility in ligaments
87
Function of Muscles-
movement: skeletal-movement of skeleton, smooth- movement within hollow organs(intestines, stomach, vessels, bronchioles), cardiac- circulation). thermoregulation, protection from trauma- major nerves& vessels, nutrient reserves- provide proteins for amino acids & energy
88
Type of Muscles- Skeletal
600 in humans. usually attached to bone, voluntary, rapid contraction & fatigue
89
Type of Muscles- Smooth
in organs& vessels& dermis, involuntary, slow contraction & fatigue
90
Type of Muscles- Cardiac
in heart, involuntary, rapid contraction & fatigue
91
fascia
layers of dense irregular CT holding individual muscles in position & attached to adjoing tissues
92
tendons
extension of fascia (& endo/perimysium) that attaches a muscle to a focused point on bone
93
Aponeurosis
broad sheets of CT that attach adjoining muscles or to broad areas of bone
94
Epimysium
irregular CT on surface of muscle
95
Perimysium
CT that separates fascicles
96
Endomysium
CT that separates fibers(cells) w/in fascicle
97
Muscle Hierarchy
whole muscle>fascicle>fiber>myofibrils>myofilaments
98
whole muscle
sartorius
99
fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers(celles)
100
Sarcolemma
cell membrane
101
Sacroplasma
cell cytoplasm
102
myofibrils
contractile units
103
Path note: Strains
torn muscle fibers(cells) result in a minor muscle strain. if many fibers & the fascia tears, it results in severe muscle strain
104
Path note Duchenne's
the skeletal muscles protein dystropin(0.002% of skeletal muscle protein) prevents tearing of sarcolemma during contration. those with duchennes muscular dystrophy do not produce dystropin
105
Sarcomere
repeating functional units of the muscle, the actual site of contraction(=10000/ myofibril)
106
Sarcomere Components- Thick filament
Myosin- thick filamentous contractile proteins w/ cross bridges
107
Sarcomere Components- Thin filament
Actin- protein backbone of thin filament
108
Sarcomere Components- Tropomyosin
blocks cross-bridge binding sites on actin
109
Sarcomere Components- Troponin
controls position of tropomyosin
110
Sarcomere Components- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum & cisternae
modified endoplasmic reticulum w/ higher levels of Ca2+ ions
111
Neuromuscular junction
area between motor neuron & end plate
112
Motor end plate
site of motor neuron interface w/ muscle fiber
113
Motor neuron
nerve cell that stimulates muscle fiber to contract(by releasing neurotransmitters from its vesicles)
114
What is poliomyelitis
a viral infection of the motor neuron resulting in paralysis of the infected muscles
115
What is myasthenia gravis
an autoimmune disorder that attacks ACh receptors on muscle cells resulting in muscle weakness & possible death
116
What does nerve gas do?
blocks ACh receptors causing muscle weakness & possible death
117
What happens several hours after post-mortem
cisternae release Ca initiating contraction(rigor mortis, cross bridges dont release since remaining ATP was used in contraction
118
What do insecticides do
inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing uncontrolled muscle contraction & death
119
Ambient ATP
is the source of initial contraction & relaxation(required to connect & disconnect cross bridges)
120
Creatine phosphate
supplies energy to recycle ADP -> ATP
121
What happens when ambient ATP & creatine phosphate decreases
cells start depending on cellular respiration for ATP (from breakdown of glycogen)
122
Where does oxygen for respiration come from
myoglobin(which has a > O2 storage ability than hemoglobin)
123
When O2 supply decreases
anaerobic respiratory begins
124
Causes of muscle fatigue(inability to contract)
decrease in blood flow, decrease in Calcium ion levels due to repeated stimulation, perception of fatigue, increase in lactic acid lowers pH & stops contraction
125
When do cramps occur
electrolytes in the extracellular fluid imbalace causing uncontrolled muscle stimulation
126
What are 3 sources of energy used to regenerate ATP?
creatine phosphate, aerobic & anaerobic respiration
127
What are the 2 sources of glucose for muscle respiration?
glycogen and lactic acid via liver
128
Twitsh
one tension(contraction) & relaxtion
129
Treppe(staricase effect)
increased tension w/ each stimulus(of equal intensity). full relaxation is achieved. treppe is not common in skeletal muscles
130
summation
increase in frequency of stimuli results in only partial relaxation & increase strength of tension like uterus in labor
131
Tetanus
peak or almost peak tension is produced via rapid cycles of contraction & relaxation
132
Incomplete tetanus
almost peak tension via partial relaxation between impulses
133
Complete tetanus
peak tension w/o relaxatio like cramping of gastrocnemius
134
What does Anaerobic bacterium(clostridium tetani) cause
spasms of skeletal muscle(tetanus) resulting in paralysis & death
135
Slow Twitch(red fiber)- type 1
slow contraction, delayed fatigue due to higher myoglobin & higher mitochondria called aerobic respiratory e.g. back postural muscles
136
Fast twitch(white fiber)- type IIa/ Glycolic
rapid contraction, rapid fatigue due to decrease in myoglobin & decrease mitochondria called anaerobic repiratory e.e w/in eye & hand
137
Intermediate- type IIb/ fast-twitch fatigueable
fast twitch w/ delayed fatigue. an intermediate between fast & slow twitch
138
isotonic length
changes the length of the muscle while maintaining constant contraction
139
Isotonic contraction- concentric
muscle shprtens: contraction force> resisitance e.g. lifting weights
140
Isotonic contraction- eccentric
muscle lengthens; contraction force < resistance e.g. laying wieghts down
141
Isotonic contraction- isometric
contraction w/o equal length .g. postural muscles
142
Atrophy
lack of use. capillaries & mitochondria, actin & myosin decreases causes decrease in size of muscle
143
Hypertrophy
extensive use, increase in capillaries, mitochondria, actin & myosin causes increase in muscle size
144
Smooth muscle characteristics
single nucleus, actin & myosin thinner, fibers more random in distance causes no striations, ACh & norepinephrine(noradrenaline) as neurotransmitter, tropononin absent(calmodulin present), may be stimulated by hormones e.g. oxytocing & uterine contractions, stretching may cause contactins e.g. urinary bladder, intestines
145
Multiunit smooth muscle motor unit
cells contract independently e.g. iris, blood vessels
146
Visceral smooth muscle motor unit
cells contract as a unit e.g. digestive & urinary tract, uterus. capable of rhythmic contractions called peristalsis. communicate via gap junctions in membrane
147
characteristic of cardiac muscle
3D network of branched cells, single nucleus, actin & myosin have symmetrical distance causes striations, intercalated disks(increase in intercellular surface area causes transport of ions between cells cause rapid, unified contraction), no refractory period than skeletal causes no tetanus
148
Life Span Changes (by 40s)
Myoglobin-ATP-creatine phosphate decrease, diameter of skeletal muscle fibers decreases, diameter of smooth muscle cells in vessels increases causes decrease in elasticity, contractions decrease in force, connective & adipose replace some muscle, increase atrophy(50% of muscle mass by 80)
