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Biology > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic diversity.

A

Genetic variation between individuals is measured by the population’s gene pool (sum of different genes and alleles).

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2
Q

Why is genetic diversity important?

A
  • Guards against environmental changes, like new diseases or predators.
  • The larger the gene pool is the greater the population’s resilience to to environmental changes. This is because a population with a greater number of alleles are more likely to contain alleles that are well-adapted to survive environmental challenges.
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3
Q

Sexual reproduction.

A

fusion of 2 distinctive haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes.

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4
Q

Reproductive strategies.

A

adaptations to reproduction that improve the success of a species’ survival.

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5
Q

Fertilisation.

A

the process where 2 gametes fuse to create an egg (zygote).

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6
Q

zygote

A

diploid cells formed by 2 haploid cells.

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7
Q

Oviparity

A

eggs released into the external environment.

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8
Q

Viviparity

A

the embryo develops inside of the mother.

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9
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction.

A
  • Increases genetic diversity, and allows recombinment of offspring.
  • Improves resilience.
  • Reduces change of offspring developing a disorder.
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10
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

A
  • time and energy it takes to find and attract a mate.
  • Risk of transferring diseases associated with intercourse.
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11
Q

Asexual reproduction.

A

Producing offspring without the fusion of gametes.

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12
Q

Cloning

A

A genetically identical
organism or section of DNA

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13
Q

Binary Fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where one organism divides into two identical organisms

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14
Q

Types of asexual reproduction.

A
  • Budding.
  • Fragmentation.
  • Vegetive Propagation.
  • Sporogensis.
  • Parthenogenesis
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15
Q

Budding

A

Cells form a bud and break away to form a clone.

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16
Q

Fragmentation

A

Parent breaks into fragments which may develop into clones

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17
Q

Vegetive Propagation

A

The plant grows from fragments eg. roots or cuttings from parent

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18
Q

Sporogensis.

A

spores disperse from the organism onto the surroundings
Spore - small haploid units used
as a means of asexual reproduction
in sporogenesis

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19
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

An embryo can develop from a single
unfertilised gamete

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20
Q

Advantages of Asexual reproduction.

A
  • Grows faster.
  • Offspring is an identical clone of parent.
  • Does not require a mate to reproduce.
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21
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction.

A
  • Genetic diversity is low, and asexually reproducing populations may suffer during rapid environmental change.
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22
Q

reproductive cloning technologies - ANIMALS.

A

artificially induced human interventions to produce genetically identical clones
- somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT)
- Embryo splitting

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23
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT)

A

the transference of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated(a cell that has had its nucleus removed or destroyed) egg cell.
In steps:
1. Enucleation – Destruction/removal of the nucleus from the donator egg so it can be enucleated.
2 Extraction – Extract somatic cells nucleus.
3 Insertion – Insert the nucleus into the egg
4 Development – Develop into an embryo and implanted into surrogate mother.

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24
Q

Embryo splitting

A

the division of an early embryo into several individual embryos

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25
Q

IVF

A

The fertilisation of an egg outside
of the body

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26
Q

Reproductive cloning technologies in plants.

A
  • Plant tissue culturing
  • Plant cuttings
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27
Q

Cloning-Plants

A
  • Plant cuttings.
  • Plant grafting.
28
Q

Plant cuttings

A

The growth of plants using a fragment of the original

29
Q

Plant grafting

A

The attachment of two individual plant stems together

30
Q

Abiotic factors

A

A property of the environment relating to nonliving things.
eg. temperature, nutrient availability, and water availability

31
Q

Biotic factors

A

A property of the environment relating to living things.
eg. predator-prey relationships, competition, and symbiotic relationships

32
Q

Tolerance range

A

The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive

33
Q

Different types of adaptations:

A
  • Structual.
  • Physiological.
  • Behavioural.
34
Q

Structural adaptations

A

Modifications to an organism’s
physical structure.

35
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Modifications to an organism’s internal functioning or metabolic processes.

36
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

evolved modifications to an
organism’s actions.

37
Q

Structural adaptations of animals in dry environments.

A
  • Insulation; Less insulated to release heat.
  • SA: V ratio; (high - absorbs or releases high amount of heat). (low-release or absorbs low amounts of heat).
38
Q

Physiological adaptations of animals in dry environments.

A
  • Metabolic heat; Endotherm - produces own heat. Ectothem - obtains heat from the environment.
  • Surface blood flow; Vasconstriction to converse heat, vasodilation to release heat.
  • Evaporating heating; heat loss via water conversion from liquid to gas.
39
Q

Behavioural adaptations of animals in dry environments.

A
  • Evade; avoid extreme temperatures.
  • Endure; not avoid extreme temperatures.
40
Q

Plants adaptations in dry environments.

A
  • Decreasing heat uptake. (have light-coloured and small SA: V ratio leaves).
  • Increase water uptake. (through the roots).
  • Water storage (collect huge amounts of water during the rainy season for dry season).
  • Minimising water loss (reducing the rate of water loss through the stromata).
41
Q

Structural adaptations of animals in cold environments.

A
  • Insulation; thick fur/fat.
  • SA:V ratio; reduce sa:v ratio to minimise heat loss.
42
Q

Physiological adaptations of animals in cold environments.

A
  • Endotherm(Hibernation) vs Ectotherm(Brumation); More endotherm in cold - tolerates low temperatures.
  • Topor; Metabolism of an animal is reduced to conserve energy.
  • Circulation; vasoconstriction - narrows blood vessels to conserve heat.
43
Q

Behavioural adaptations of animals in cold environments.

A
  • Huddling.(decreases SA:V)
  • Seeking shelter.(surround themselves in a stable microclimate).
  • Reduce SA:V ratio exposed. (release less heat.)
44
Q

Adaptations aquatic:

A

Animals:
Walrus - Thick insulation (fat), and low SA:V ratio.
Countercurrent circulation - heat exchange (Marine mammals; heat exchange to reduce heat loss)
Heat in the blood travels from the heart to heat-cool blood, returning from the animal’s periphery.
Migration.

Plants:
- Antifreeze proteins; high salt content.

45
Q

Adaptations of plants in cold environments.

A
  • Modification of cell membrane.
  • Increasing solute concentration. (prevents freezing).
  • Seed dormancy. (unable to germinate during certain environmental conditions).
  • Antifreeze proteins.
46
Q

Open grassland ecosystems

A

Made up of large open area grasslands. Maintained by grazing animals and frequent fires.
Savannahs and temperate grasslands.

47
Q

Swamp ecosystem

A

Type of wetland, characterised by mineral soils with poor drains and plant life dominated by trees.

48
Q

Carrying capacity of a habitat

A

Maximum population size in an environment to sustain indefinitely.

49
Q

how can plants minimise water loss?

A

Plants can minimise water loss via leaves in arid environments by reducing their stomatal density or by using sunken stomata.1Additionally, plants can also fold or roll their leaves to reduce water loss.2To decrease heat uptake, plants can produce leaves with a smaller surface area,3leaves that are lightly coloured or reflective,4or by orienting their leaves vertically

50
Q

Keystone species

A

Species play a key role in an ecosystem, due to their large influence over the structure and stability of the ecosystem.

51
Q

Population density

A

No. of individuals of a particular species in a defined area.

52
Q

Population distribution

A

Pattern in which individuals are located within the area they occupy.

53
Q

Population size.

A

The number of individuals in a population.

54
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of all living things and their interactions.

55
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species within a defined region.

56
Q

Apex predators

A

Predators with no natural predators, at the top of the food chain.

57
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A

Create, significantly alters or maintains the structure of an environment.

58
Q

Interactions between species

A
  • Mutualism.
  • Commensalism.
  • Predation.
  • Parasitism.
  • Amensalism.
  • Competition.
59
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit.

60
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits and the other gets nothing.

61
Q

Predation

A

One hunts and kills the other for food.

62
Q

Parasitism

A

One experiences a negative effect while the other experiences neither benefit nor negative effect.

63
Q

Amensalism

A

One gets harmed, other gets nothing.

64
Q

Competition

A

Compete for the same pool of resources.

65
Q

Indigenous management techniques

A
  • Utilising fire to maintain crops.
  • Relationship between quandong trees and emus. (emu eats the fruit from the tree, and seeds pass through the digestive system so germinate).

Biology (7 decks)

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