Unit 2 Flashcards
One mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell is:
A. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
B. Hydrophobic interaction between the viral and the host surface
C. Through excretion of an endotoxin by the virus
D. The binding of viral DNA to a host cytoplasmic membrane
A. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
A. Protozoa
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi
D. Helminths
B. Bacteria
Intravenous drug user who share needles are at risk of contracting Hepatitis B or HIV. This mode of transmission is called:
A. Direct transmission
B. Vector transmission
C. Indirect transmission
V. None of the above is correct
B. Vector transmission
Which of the following are terms associated with PCR? Choose all correct answers
A. Primer
B. Denaturing
C. Extension
D. Hydrolysis
E. RNA Polymerase
A. Primer
B. Denaturing
C. Extension
The ability to cause disease is referred to as ___________
A. Virulence
B. Pathogenicity
C. Parasitism
D. Resistance
B. Pathogenicity
What is the most feared feature in hospital acquired infections?
A. Fast growth
B. High virulence
C. Contraction by direct transmission
D. Drug Resistance
D. Drug Resistance
The dormant and more resilient stage in the life cycle of many protozoans is called:
A. Cyst
B. Trophopzoite
C. Merozoite
D. Endospore
A. Cyst
List the three major groups of eukaryotic agents of disease
Fungi, Protozoa and Helminths
The diagnostic stage of helminthic infections (especially intestinal) is typically __________
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Eggs
D. Cysts
E. Endospores
C. Eggs
Which one is the correct sequence of stages in viral replication?
A. Entry-attachment-synthesis-assembly-release
B. Attachment-entry-assembly-synthesis-release
C. Attachment-entry-synthesis-assembly-release
D. Attachment-synthesis-assembly-entry-release
E. Entry-synthesis-assembly-attachment-release
C. Attachment-entry-synthesis-assembly-release
The ___________ of viral envelopes are components of the host cell membrane
A. Phospholipids
B. Oligosaccharides
C. Proteins
D. Lectins
E. Spikes
A. Phospholipids
___________ refers to the process of a cell receiving DNA through a protein tubule through which it is another living cell.
A. Contamination
B. Conscription
C. Conjugation
D. Transformation
E. Transduction
C. Conjugation
Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is a description for the following state:
A. Viruses that can affect different tissues in a host
B. Viruses that have a high mutation rate
C. Bacteria that have the F factor incorporated into their genome
D. Auxotrophic strains of bacteria with an easily deductible mutation in their genome
E. Bacterial cells that have viral genome incorporated into their genome
C. Bacteria that have the F factor incorporated into their genome
In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
A. Protozoa
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Helminths
C. Bacteria
Scrapie is found in ____________
A. Conjunction with ritualistic cannibalism
B. Humans who consumed contaminated beef
C. Deer
D. Sheep
E. Cattle
D. Sheep
___________ is the scientific term for the conversion of the information in DNA into mRNA
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Translation
D. Transcription
D. Transcription
Name the two processes by which horizontal gene transfer can occur in bacteria
- Transformation: Transfers of a naked DNA fragment
- Transduction: Transport of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of entry by viruses?
A. Membrane fusion
B. Endocytosis
C. Direct penetration
D. Conjugation
D. Conjugation
R-Factors are:
A. Regulatory proteins that control cell cycles
B. Plasmids carrying resistance genes
C. Proteins essential for DNA-replication in bacteria
D. Factors that allow for a higher recombination rate
B. Plasmids carrying resistance genes
Name two different circumstances under which organisms of the micro biome can cause disease
- Introduction to unusual site (Ie. E. coli leading to UTI)
- Immunocompromised state (Ie. Chemo/Radiation)
- Changes in normal systems (Ie. Heavy antibiotic treatment)
Zoonoses are diseases:
A. Transmitted by animals
B. Caused by animals
C. That only affect animals
D. Only occurring in zoos
A. Transmitted by animals
Which of the following types of viruses can be latent and thus by the cause of cancer?
A. Ss+ RNA
B. Ss- RNA
C. Ds DNA
D. Ds RNA
C. Ds DNA
When a bacteriophage introduces a piece of DNA from a previously infected cell into an ___________
A. Transduction
B. Cross-over
C. Transformation
D. Meiosis
E. Conjugation
A. Transduction
PCR is very useful technique to:
A. Measure bacterial growth
B. Transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another
C. Multiply certain DNA fragments
D. Assess the potential mutagenicity of a chemical
C. Multiply certain DNA fragments
RNA viruses have a high mutation rate because:
A. Viruses use a different genetic code than the host cells
B. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic radiation
C. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic chemicals
D. Viruses multiply very fast
E. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcripterase cannot perform proof-reading functions
E. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcripterase cannot perform proof-reading functions
Prion diseases are:
A. Caused by very small viruses
B. Autoimmune diseases
C. Caused by bare Nucleic acids
D. Only found in humans
E. Caused by misfolded proteins
E. Caused by misfolded proteins
Which of the following do NOT have ribosomes?
A. Protozoa
B. Viruses
C. Helminths
D. Fungi
E. Bacteria
B. Viruses
Which is the correct size order (smallest to largest)?
A. non-enveloped virus - protozoan - enveloped virus - bacterium - pinworm
B. protozoan - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - pinworm
C. pinworm - bacterium - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - protozoan
D. bacterium - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - protozoan - pinworm
E. non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - protozoan - pinworm
E. non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - protozoan - pinworm
Many fungi are dimorphous; that means-depending on the growth conditions-they can:
A. Be prokaryotes or eukaryotes
B. Have two distinctively different appearances
C. Live on dead or living tissue
D. Reproduce asexually or sexually
E. Exist as haploid or diploid organisms
B. Have two distinctively different appearances
Budding cells are a sign of _______ growth
A. Fungal
B. Viral
C. Protozoan
D. Helminthic
E. Bacterial
A. Fungal
The ability to cause disease is referred to as _____________
A. Virulence
B. Parasitism
C. Pathogenicity
D. Resistance
C. Pathogenicity
Capsules are virulence factors because they:
A. Function as lytic enzymes
B. Disguise the bacterium from the immune system
C. Act as toxins
D. Elicit a strong immune response
B. Disguise the bacterium from the immune system
NA viruses have a high mutation rate because:
A. Viruses multiply very fast
B. Viruses use a different genetic code than the host cells
C. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic radiation
D. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase cannot performs proof-reading functions
E. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic chemicals
D. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase cannot performs proof-reading functions
Viral envelopes are _________ structures
A. Predominantly protein
B. Polysaccharide
C. Membrane-like
D. Cell-wall like
A. Predominantly protein
Cysts of Protozoa are maintained as a source of infection in:
A. Human carriers
B. Animal reservoirs
C. Non-living reservoirs
D. None of the above is correct
D. None of the above is correct
Determine what kind of nucleic acid the following virus has: DNA is synthesized, based or host cell enzymes are used to synthesize mRNA from DNA.
A. ds RNA
B. ss* RNA
C. SS- RNA
D. ss DNA
E. ss- RNA, reverse transcriptase
D. Ss DNA
One mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell is:
A. The binding of viral DNA to a host cytoplasmic membrane
B. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
C. Hydrophobic interaction between the viral and the host surface
D. Through excretion of an exotoxin by the virus
B. The binding of viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
Name two different circumstances under which organisms of the micro biome can cause disease (opportunistic infections) and give an example of the circumstance
Introduction to an unusual site (Ex: E. Coli ——> UTI; some blood infections)
Change in normal microbiota ecosystem (Ex: Antibiotic treatment for UTI ——> yeast infection; heavy antibiotic treatment ——> C. Difficile
Immunocompromised state
• Ex:
◦ Chemo/radiation
◦ HIV/AIDS
◦ Vit D deficiency
◦ Age (Young & old)
◦ Organ transplant recipients
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes: Haploid, circular chromosome, plasmids
-Eukaryotes: Diploid, 1+ linear chromosomes/cell, DNA highly compacted with histones
What are plasmids
Molecules of DNA that replicate independently
Types of plasmids
Fertility factors, resistance factors, bacteriocin factors, virulence factors
The F factor is a ___________
A. Plasmid
B. Pilus
C. Gene
D. Chromosome
A. Plasmid
The process of converting a nucleotide sequence in DNA into a nucleotide sequence in RNA is called _____________________________.
Select one:
a.transduction
b.transformation
c.translation
d.transcription
d.transcription
Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is the term for the state of bacterial cells that have _________________, and thus have the capacity to horizontally transfer genes to many cells.
Select one:
a.a permanent mutation
b.the F factor incorporated into their genome
c.undergone transformation
d.phage DNA incorporated into their genome
b.the F factor incorporated into their genome
Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring process that scientists use nowadays for recombinant gene technology?
Select one:
a.Transformation
b.Conjugation
c.Translation
d.Transduction
c.Translation
Correct; this refers to the process of protein synthesis based on RNA and is not a process of recombination.
The order of magnitude of bacterial genomes lies in the _____________of base pairs.
Select one:
a.thousands
b.millions
c.billions
d.trillions
b.millions
The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called _______________.
Select one:
a.transduction
b.recombination
c.vertical gene transfer
d.horizontal gene transfer
c.vertical gene transfer
___________________ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide.
Select one:
a.mutation
b.transcription
c.translation
d.gene expression
d.gene expression
Heating DNA to a temperature of 94oC leads to the destabilization of hydrogen bonding between in double stranded DNA. At this temperature, DNA becomes single stranded. This process is called ________________.
Select one:
a.Extension
b.DNA replication
c.denaturing
d.priming
c.denaturing
Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______________________________________.
Select one:
a.mutations
b.mRNA
c.genes
d.plasmids
d.plasmids
___________________ refers to a recombination process that uses a bacteriophage to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
Select one:
a.transduction
b.transformation
c.conscription
d.conjugation
a.transduction
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
Cerebrum
Kuru
Burial Ritual
Viral attachment always involves a viral glycoprotein and a host cell lectin with a binding site for the oligosaccharide of the viral glycoprotein.
False
Enveloped viruses
Endocytosis, and membrane fusion
Non-enveloped virus
Direct penetration
Which is the correct sequence of viral replication (steps given in alphabetical order):
A. Assembly
B. Attachment
C. Entry
D. Release
E. Synthesis
Select one:
a.B-A-C-D-E
b.B-C-E-A-D
c.A-B-C-D-E
d.D- E-B-C-A
b.B-C-E-A-D
Only DNA viruses can be the cause certain cancers.
True
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Thalamus
Gerstman-SS Syndrome
Cerebellum
Chronic wasting disease
Deer/elk
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Cattle
Scrapie
Sheep
In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
Select one:
A.Fungi
B.Helminths
C.Protozoa
D.Bacteria
D.Bacteria
Which of the following have cell walls?
Viruses
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Helminths
Select one:
A.1, 2, and 3
B.2, 3, 4, and 5
C.2, 3, and 4
D.1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
E.2 and 3
E.2 and 3
Many fungal species grow in two completely different appearances, as filaments (hyphae) or yeasts (individual cells). Organisms that have two distinctly different appearances are called _____________________.
Select one:
A.divalent
B.diatoms
C.dimorphous
D.divergent
C.dimorphous
SARS-CoV2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 is transmitted by droplets. What type of transmission is this?
Select one:
a.Vector
b.Nosocomial
c.Direct
d.Vehicle
c.Direct
Which of the following stages of disease is referred to by the descriptor ‘prodromal’?
Select one:
a.no signs or symptoms
b.vague general symptoms
c.most severe signs and symptoms
d.declining signs and symptoms
b.vague general symptoms
The metabolically active stage of protozoa, also the vulnerable stage, is called
Select one:
A.trophozoite
B.spore
C.endospore
D.merozoite
E.cyst
A.trophozoite
