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Immunology & Clinical Micro > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

One mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell is:
A. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
B. Hydrophobic interaction between the viral and the host surface
C. Through excretion of an endotoxin by the virus
D. The binding of viral DNA to a host cytoplasmic membrane

A

A. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin

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2
Q

In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
A. Protozoa
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi
D. Helminths

A

B. Bacteria

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3
Q

Intravenous drug user who share needles are at risk of contracting Hepatitis B or HIV. This mode of transmission is called:
A. Direct transmission
B. Vector transmission
C. Indirect transmission
V. None of the above is correct

A

B. Vector transmission

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4
Q

Which of the following are terms associated with PCR? Choose all correct answers
A. Primer
B. Denaturing
C. Extension
D. Hydrolysis
E. RNA Polymerase

A

A. Primer
B. Denaturing
C. Extension

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5
Q

The ability to cause disease is referred to as ___________
A. Virulence
B. Pathogenicity
C. Parasitism
D. Resistance

A

B. Pathogenicity

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6
Q

What is the most feared feature in hospital acquired infections?
A. Fast growth
B. High virulence
C. Contraction by direct transmission
D. Drug Resistance

A

D. Drug Resistance

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7
Q

The dormant and more resilient stage in the life cycle of many protozoans is called:
A. Cyst
B. Trophopzoite
C. Merozoite
D. Endospore

A

A. Cyst

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8
Q

List the three major groups of eukaryotic agents of disease

A

Fungi, Protozoa and Helminths

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9
Q

The diagnostic stage of helminthic infections (especially intestinal) is typically __________
A. Trophozoites
B. Merozoites
C. Eggs
D. Cysts
E. Endospores

A

C. Eggs

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10
Q

Which one is the correct sequence of stages in viral replication?
A. Entry-attachment-synthesis-assembly-release
B. Attachment-entry-assembly-synthesis-release
C. Attachment-entry-synthesis-assembly-release
D. Attachment-synthesis-assembly-entry-release
E. Entry-synthesis-assembly-attachment-release

A

C. Attachment-entry-synthesis-assembly-release

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11
Q

The ___________ of viral envelopes are components of the host cell membrane
A. Phospholipids
B. Oligosaccharides
C. Proteins
D. Lectins
E. Spikes

A

A. Phospholipids

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12
Q

___________ refers to the process of a cell receiving DNA through a protein tubule through which it is another living cell.
A. Contamination
B. Conscription
C. Conjugation
D. Transformation
E. Transduction

A

C. Conjugation

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13
Q

Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is a description for the following state:
A. Viruses that can affect different tissues in a host
B. Viruses that have a high mutation rate
C. Bacteria that have the F factor incorporated into their genome
D. Auxotrophic strains of bacteria with an easily deductible mutation in their genome
E. Bacterial cells that have viral genome incorporated into their genome

A

C. Bacteria that have the F factor incorporated into their genome

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14
Q

In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
A. Protozoa
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Helminths

A

C. Bacteria

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15
Q

Scrapie is found in ____________
A. Conjunction with ritualistic cannibalism
B. Humans who consumed contaminated beef
C. Deer
D. Sheep
E. Cattle

A

D. Sheep

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16
Q

___________ is the scientific term for the conversion of the information in DNA into mRNA
A. Transduction
B. Transformation
C. Translation
D. Transcription

A

D. Transcription

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17
Q

Name the two processes by which horizontal gene transfer can occur in bacteria

A
  1. Transformation: Transfers of a naked DNA fragment
  2. Transduction: Transport of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages
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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of entry by viruses?
A. Membrane fusion
B. Endocytosis
C. Direct penetration
D. Conjugation

A

D. Conjugation

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19
Q

R-Factors are:
A. Regulatory proteins that control cell cycles
B. Plasmids carrying resistance genes
C. Proteins essential for DNA-replication in bacteria
D. Factors that allow for a higher recombination rate

A

B. Plasmids carrying resistance genes

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20
Q

Name two different circumstances under which organisms of the micro biome can cause disease

A
  1. Introduction to unusual site (Ie. E. coli leading to UTI)
  2. Immunocompromised state (Ie. Chemo/Radiation)
  3. Changes in normal systems (Ie. Heavy antibiotic treatment)
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21
Q

Zoonoses are diseases:
A. Transmitted by animals
B. Caused by animals
C. That only affect animals
D. Only occurring in zoos

A

A. Transmitted by animals

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22
Q

Which of the following types of viruses can be latent and thus by the cause of cancer?
A. Ss+ RNA
B. Ss- RNA
C. Ds DNA
D. Ds RNA

A

C. Ds DNA

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23
Q

When a bacteriophage introduces a piece of DNA from a previously infected cell into an ___________
A. Transduction
B. Cross-over
C. Transformation
D. Meiosis
E. Conjugation

A

A. Transduction

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24
Q

PCR is very useful technique to:
A. Measure bacterial growth
B. Transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another
C. Multiply certain DNA fragments
D. Assess the potential mutagenicity of a chemical

A

C. Multiply certain DNA fragments

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25
Q

RNA viruses have a high mutation rate because:
A. Viruses use a different genetic code than the host cells
B. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic radiation
C. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic chemicals
D. Viruses multiply very fast
E. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcripterase cannot perform proof-reading functions

A

E. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcripterase cannot perform proof-reading functions

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26
Q

Prion diseases are:
A. Caused by very small viruses
B. Autoimmune diseases
C. Caused by bare Nucleic acids
D. Only found in humans
E. Caused by misfolded proteins

A

E. Caused by misfolded proteins

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27
Q

Which of the following do NOT have ribosomes?
A. Protozoa
B. Viruses
C. Helminths
D. Fungi
E. Bacteria

A

B. Viruses

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28
Q

Which is the correct size order (smallest to largest)?

A. non-enveloped virus - protozoan - enveloped virus - bacterium - pinworm
B. protozoan - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - pinworm
C. pinworm - bacterium - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - protozoan
D. bacterium - non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - protozoan - pinworm
E. non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - protozoan - pinworm

A

E. non-enveloped virus - enveloped virus - bacterium - protozoan - pinworm

29
Q

Many fungi are dimorphous; that means-depending on the growth conditions-they can:
A. Be prokaryotes or eukaryotes
B. Have two distinctively different appearances
C. Live on dead or living tissue
D. Reproduce asexually or sexually
E. Exist as haploid or diploid organisms

A

B. Have two distinctively different appearances

30
Q

Budding cells are a sign of _______ growth
A. Fungal
B. Viral
C. Protozoan
D. Helminthic
E. Bacterial

A

A. Fungal

31
Q

The ability to cause disease is referred to as _____________
A. Virulence
B. Parasitism
C. Pathogenicity
D. Resistance

A

C. Pathogenicity

32
Q

Capsules are virulence factors because they:
A. Function as lytic enzymes
B. Disguise the bacterium from the immune system
C. Act as toxins
D. Elicit a strong immune response

A

B. Disguise the bacterium from the immune system

33
Q

NA viruses have a high mutation rate because:
A. Viruses multiply very fast
B. Viruses use a different genetic code than the host cells
C. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic radiation
D. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase cannot performs proof-reading functions
E. Viral DNA or RNA is less protected from mutagenic chemicals

A

D. Viral RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase cannot performs proof-reading functions

34
Q

Viral envelopes are _________ structures
A. Predominantly protein
B. Polysaccharide
C. Membrane-like
D. Cell-wall like

A

A. Predominantly protein

35
Q

Cysts of Protozoa are maintained as a source of infection in:
A. Human carriers
B. Animal reservoirs
C. Non-living reservoirs
D. None of the above is correct

A

D. None of the above is correct

36
Q

Determine what kind of nucleic acid the following virus has: DNA is synthesized, based or host cell enzymes are used to synthesize mRNA from DNA.

A. ds RNA
B. ss* RNA
C. SS- RNA
D. ss DNA
E. ss- RNA, reverse transcriptase

A

D. Ss DNA

37
Q

One mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell is:
A. The binding of viral DNA to a host cytoplasmic membrane
B. The binding of a viral glycoprotein to a host lectin
C. Hydrophobic interaction between the viral and the host surface
D. Through excretion of an exotoxin by the virus

A

B. The binding of viral glycoprotein to a host lectin

38
Q

Name two different circumstances under which organisms of the micro biome can cause disease (opportunistic infections) and give an example of the circumstance

A

Introduction to an unusual site (Ex: E. Coli ——> UTI; some blood infections)

Change in normal microbiota ecosystem (Ex: Antibiotic treatment for UTI ——> yeast infection; heavy antibiotic treatment ——> C. Difficile

Immunocompromised state
• Ex:
◦ Chemo/radiation
◦ HIV/AIDS
◦ Vit D deficiency
◦ Age (Young & old)
◦ Organ transplant recipients

39
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A

-Prokaryotes: Haploid, circular chromosome, plasmids
-Eukaryotes: Diploid, 1+ linear chromosomes/cell, DNA highly compacted with histones

40
Q

What are plasmids

A

Molecules of DNA that replicate independently

41
Q

Types of plasmids

A

Fertility factors, resistance factors, bacteriocin factors, virulence factors

42
Q

The F factor is a ___________
A. Plasmid
B. Pilus
C. Gene
D. Chromosome

A

A. Plasmid

43
Q

The process of converting a nucleotide sequence in DNA into a nucleotide sequence in RNA is called _____________________________.
Select one:

a.transduction

b.transformation

c.translation

d.transcription

A

d.transcription

44
Q

Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is the term for the state of bacterial cells that have _________________, and thus have the capacity to horizontally transfer genes to many cells.

Select one:

a.a permanent mutation

b.the F factor incorporated into their genome

c.undergone transformation

d.phage DNA incorporated into their genome

A

b.the F factor incorporated into their genome

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring process that scientists use nowadays for recombinant gene technology?

Select one:

a.Transformation

b.Conjugation

c.Translation

d.Transduction

A

c.Translation

Correct; this refers to the process of protein synthesis based on RNA and is not a process of recombination.

46
Q

The order of magnitude of bacterial genomes lies in the _____________of base pairs.
Select one:

a.thousands

b.millions

c.billions

d.trillions

A

b.millions

47
Q

The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called _______________.

Select one:

a.transduction

b.recombination

c.vertical gene transfer

d.horizontal gene transfer

A

c.vertical gene transfer

48
Q

___________________ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide.
Select one:

a.mutation

b.transcription

c.translation

d.gene expression

A

d.gene expression

49
Q

Heating DNA to a temperature of 94oC leads to the destabilization of hydrogen bonding between in double stranded DNA. At this temperature, DNA becomes single stranded. This process is called ________________.

Select one:

a.Extension

b.DNA replication

c.denaturing

d.priming

A

c.denaturing

50
Q

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______________________________________.

Select one:

a.mutations

b.mRNA

c.genes

d.plasmids

A

d.plasmids

51
Q

___________________ refers to a recombination process that uses a bacteriophage to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
Select one:

a.transduction

b.transformation

c.conscription

d.conjugation

A

a.transduction

52
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

A

Cerebrum

53
Q

Kuru

A

Burial Ritual

54
Q

Viral attachment always involves a viral glycoprotein and a host cell lectin with a binding site for the oligosaccharide of the viral glycoprotein.

A

False

55
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Endocytosis, and membrane fusion

56
Q

Non-enveloped virus

A

Direct penetration

57
Q

Which is the correct sequence of viral replication (steps given in alphabetical order):

A. Assembly

B. Attachment

C. Entry

D. Release

E. Synthesis

Select one:

a.B-A-C-D-E

b.B-C-E-A-D

c.A-B-C-D-E

d.D- E-B-C-A

A

b.B-C-E-A-D

58
Q

Only DNA viruses can be the cause certain cancers.

A

True

59
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia

A

Thalamus

60
Q

Gerstman-SS Syndrome

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

Chronic wasting disease

A

Deer/elk

62
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

Cattle

63
Q

Scrapie

A

Sheep

64
Q

In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?

Select one:

A.Fungi

B.Helminths

C.Protozoa

D.Bacteria

A

D.Bacteria

65
Q

Which of the following have cell walls?

Viruses
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Helminths
Select one:

A.1, 2, and 3

B.2, 3, 4, and 5

C.2, 3, and 4

D.1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

E.2 and 3

A

E.2 and 3

66
Q

Many fungal species grow in two completely different appearances, as filaments (hyphae) or yeasts (individual cells). Organisms that have two distinctly different appearances are called _____________________.

Select one:

A.divalent

B.diatoms

C.dimorphous

D.divergent

A

C.dimorphous

67
Q

SARS-CoV2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 is transmitted by droplets. What type of transmission is this?

Select one:

a.Vector

b.Nosocomial

c.Direct

d.Vehicle

A

c.Direct

68
Q

Which of the following stages of disease is referred to by the descriptor ‘prodromal’?

Select one:

a.no signs or symptoms

b.vague general symptoms

c.most severe signs and symptoms

d.declining signs and symptoms

A

b.vague general symptoms

69
Q

The metabolically active stage of protozoa, also the vulnerable stage, is called

Select one:

A.trophozoite

B.spore

C.endospore

D.merozoite

E.cyst

A

A.trophozoite

Immunology & Clinical Micro (4 decks)

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