Final Flashcards
Lysozyme protects from pathogens by:
A. Lowering the pH through hydrolysis of secreted oils
B. Breaking down microbial toxins
C. Preventing viruses from invading host cells
D. Breaking down bacterial cell walls
E. Preventing attachment to host tissues
D. Breaking down bacterial cell walls
Match the correct one of the following vaccines (a-d) with the descriptions in 1 and 2. Please only type the letter that corresponds with your choice of answer
A. Killed
B. Living attenuated
C. Toxoid
D. Subunit
1______Pathogenic organisms which are treated with heat or chemicals to inactivate
2______Microorganisms with low virulence
- D
- B
A sick child may have influenza or RSV. These viral infections have different treatment options, the physician reports antibody after tests. The results are as follows: the antibodies are primarily IgM, and the anti-RSV antibodies are IgA and IgG. Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation?
A. The child has height influenza not RSV
B. The child currently has influenza and has previously been exposed to RSV
C. The results do not provide sufficient data to draw a conclusion
D. The child has a current RSV infection and was previously exposed to influenza
E. The child has concurrent influenza and RSV infections
B. The child currently has influenza and has previously been exposed to RSV
Reduced virulence is achieved by_________
A. Attenuation
B. Adjuncts
C. Apprehension
D. Adjuvants
E. Attrition
A. Attenuation
Binding of which of the following biomolecules to a pathogen leads to opsinization?
1. C3a fragments
2. C3b fragments
3. Antibodies
4. C5a fragments
5. C5b fragments
A. 2,3, and 4
B. 3 only
C. 2 and 3
D. 5 only
E. 1 only
C. 2 and 3
Both C3b fragments and antibodies are opsonins that can enhance phagocytosis and clearance of pathogens by immune cells.
Match each of the following descriptions (questions 1-5) with the correct process (a-e: one on one match). Please only type one letter:
A. Fever
B. Cell mediated immune response
C. Phagocytosis
D. Complement
E. Inflammatory Response
- A process involving many proteins which leads to the lysis of foreign cells, gram-negative bacteriology and enveloped viruses
- Cells ingest particulate matter from their environment
- A systemic reaction to infection
- Series of reactions after tissue injury to remove or constrain offending agents and repair damage
- Is an adaptive immune response
- D
- C
- A
- E
- B
CD8 T lymphocytes _____________
A. Are identified by MHC II complex in their cytoplasmic membrane
B. Upregulate the formation of immunologic memory
C. Produce and secrete antibodies
D. Kill cells exhibiting viral antigenic epitopes on MHC class I cell surface molecules
D. Kill cells exhibiting viral antigenic epitopes on MHC class I cell surface molecules.
CD8 T lymphocytes, also known as cytotoxic T cells, recognize and kill target cells that display viral or intracellular pathogen antigenic epitopes on their MHC class I molecules. They are an important component of the cellular immune response against infected or abnormal cells.
In the human immune system, which of the following cells are considered part of the innate immune system?
A. Plasma cells
B. Cytotoxic T-Cells
C. TH1 cells
D. CD8 cells
E. Dendritic cells
E. Dendritic Cells
Now a days to confirm the presence of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes, a test for _____ enzyme is performed:
A. Glutaminase
B. Alpha hemolytic
C. L-pyrroglutamyl-aminopepidase
D. Bacitracase
C. L-pyrroglutamyl-aminopepidase
Coinfection of HIV and HBV is common. An HIV positive patient is tested for coinfectoin of HBV. The following results were obtained:
HBsAg+
Anti-HBs-
Anti-HBc IgM-
Anti-HB IgG+
Using this information and the table in the image, what is the diagnosis/conclusion?
A. Acute HBV infection
B. Chronic HBV infection
C. Prior vaccination for HBV
D. Resolved a true HBV infection
A. Chronic HBV infection
A MacConkey’s agar plate (pink colored agar) is:
A. A differential medium only
B. Both selective and differential medium
C. Neither selective or differential medium
D. A selective medium only
B. Both selective and differential medium
A patient presents with muscle soreness, fever, night sweats, rash on their torso, fatigue and diarrhea of 7 days duration. A differential diagnosis of acute HIV infection is made. Which TWO (2) tests would be used in the testing process? *SELECT TWO ANSWERS
A. Western Blot
B. Serum titer
C. Agglutination
D. ELISA
A. Western Blot,
D. ELISA
A team of microbiology students tested 84 different sources in 32 countries.
-Bacterium alpha was found on 78% of the sources
-Bacterium beta was found on 34% of sources
-Bacterum gamma was found on 34% of sources (not necessarily the same surfaces as bacterium beta)
-Bacterium delta was found on 1 surface
Which of the following is true based on these findings?
A. Bacterium alpha is an example of an outbreak
B. Bacterium alpha is ubiquitous
C. Bacterium beta and bacterium gamma are ubiquitous
D. Bacterium delta is ubiquitous
B. Bacterium alpha is ubiquitous
The Kirby-Bauer Method (titer paper test)m was used to test antibiotic effectiveness against a pure culture…technique). A small number of colonies appear SCATTERED within the zone of inhibition. These colors…:
A. Antibiotic as a nutrient spruce
B. Lack of competition
C. Improper technique
D. Antibiotic resistance
D. Antibiotic resistance
What will be your first step in preparing a sample that will yield the bacterial DNA?
A. Dissolve the cell with a digestive buffer
B. Denature proteins with heat
C. Smear the cells on a slide to and prepare a wet mount
D. Centrifuge the sample leaving the DNA in the supernatant
E. What the heck is supernatant?
A. Dissolve the cell with a digestive buffer
Which of the following is NOT an antibiotic?
A. Erythromycin
B. Hydrogen Peroxide
C. Nalidixic Acid
D. Sulfonamides
B. Hydrogen Peroxide
What will you determine if you are trying to ascertain the concentration of a disinfectant needed to KILL a Gram-negative bacterium?
A. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC)
B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
C. Phenol coefficient
D. Multiplicity of infection (MOI)
A. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC)
Which of the following would grow on Sabourad Dextrose agar? (Select 2 answers)
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Escherichia coli
C. Candida albicans
D. Aspergilus niger
C. Candida albicans
D. Aspergilus niger
P. Aeruginosa is a gram negative bacillus. Upon observation of a gram stained smear, multiple purple colored bacilli are observed. Which of the following is most likely?
A. Only the safranin step was omitted
B. The gram stain was performed correctly
C. Only the alcohol-acetone step was omitted
D. Only the iodine step was omitted
C. Only the alcohol-acetone step was omitted.
*The micrograph shows a gram stain smear with SPORES. Name the genus that is showing spores here.
A. Bacillus
B. Clostridium
B. Clostridium
*Identify the gram nature, cell shape and cellular arrangement of the two species in this mixed smear micrograph (select TWO). (GABE)
(The rod shaped cells are pink in color and the spherical cells are purple here)
A. Gram negative staphylococcus
B. Gram positive streptobacilli
C. Gram positive singular bacilli
D. Gram negative streptobacilli
E. Gram positive staphylococcus
F. Gram negative singular bacilli
E. Gram positive staphylococcus
F. Gram negative singular bacilli
A new patient reports a history of morning stiffness in wrists, fingers and ankles bilaterally..RF. A titer is performed-the results of that titer is 1:60. Your diagnosis or conclusion is:
A. Negative for RA but possible inflammatory condition. Additional tests needed
B. Positive for RA and patient should revoked immediately following adjustment
C. Positive for RA
D. Negative for RA and point should recover immediately following adjustment
A. Negative for RA but possible inflammatory condition. Additional tests needed.
An RF titer of 1:60 is relatively low and may not be sufficient to confirm a diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). While RF is one of the serological markers associated with RA, it is not specific to the disease and can be found in other inflammatory conditions as well. Therefore, additional tests and evaluation are needed to make a definitive diagnosis and determine the underlying cause of the patient’s symptoms.
Essay Question: Based on the group projects name two functions of macrophages and briefly explain the path from each macrophage function to one of the following outcomes of the immune response:
-Eliminating extracellular virus
-Eliminating intracellular
-Rendering the virus incapable of infecting cells
-Immunologic memory
-Elimination of extracellular viruses via phagocytosis
-Toll like receptors recognize pathogens, to provide a line of defence
-Upregulation of antiviral proteins that prevent viruses from spreading to additional cells
Which type of test is used in immunochromatography (pregnancy tests or strep throat test)?
ELISA
What can be tested for with the Western Blot Test?
The presence of multiple antigens of a pathogen (higher certainly/low chance for positive)
What is indirect immune testing?
Testing for the presence of antibody
What is direct immune testing?
Testing for the presence of an antigen
Innate vs. Acquired Immunity
-Innate: Non-Specific, No Imm Memory, Quick, Bind to groups of cells, Other WBCs (non-specific)
-Acquired: Specific, Imm Memory, Bind to specific structures/strains, B and T Lymphocytes
Lines of defence (1st/2nd/3rd)
-1st: Tight junctions of Skin/Mucosal membranes, cilia in respiratory sys
-2nd: Cells-Eosinophils, Macrophages, NK cells, Neutrophils…/Processes: Complement/Phagocytosis/Inflammation
-3rd: B and T Lymphocytes
How do normal fluora contribute to defending our body at the first line of defense?
-Compete for nutrients
-Produce acids that lower pH
-Produce antibiotics
What is the function of a lysozyme?
Breaks down peptidoglycan
Which are non-specific white blood cells?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, natural killer cells
Which are specific white blood cells?
B and T lymphocytes
Which cells have primarily phagocytic function?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Increased leukocyte count
Bacterial infection
Increased lymphocyte count
Viral infection
Increased eosinophil count
Worm infection
What is the complement system?
A set of serum proteins, that get activated in a cascade like-fashion to eliminate extracellular pathogens
Pathways of the complement system
-Classical (antigen-antibody complex)
-Alternative (certain structures)
-Lectin (Presence of mannose)
Outcomes of the complement system
-Inflammation
-Opsinization
-Membrane Attack Complex
Receptor cells of inflammatory proteins
C3a and C5a
Receptor cells of Opsinization
C3b
Receptor cells of Membrane Attack Complex
C5b
Physiological Changes due to Inflammation
- Dilation of Blood Vessels: More blood at site to fight infection (WBCs)/Clot Formation (Thrombocytes)
- Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels: Neutrophils/Monocytes can leave to phagocytize pathogens, increased swelling, blood clot forms
- Pus formation (Leukocytes)
- Cell Regeneration
During inflammation what is the function of:
-Histamine
-Prostaglandin
-Leukotriene
-Histamine: Dilation of Blood Vessels
-Prostaglandin: Increased Permeability of blood vessels
-Leukotriene: Increased permeability of blood vessels
Signs/symptoms of inflammation
-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Pain
-Loss of Function
What is a pyrogen?
A Biomolecules that leads to increased body temperature
What can act as a pyrogen?
-Bacterial toxins
-Cytokines
-Antibody-antigen complex
-Cytoplasmic contents released when bacteria lyse
What are the benefits of fever?
-Leads to decrease in bacterial growth
-Leads to enhanced effectiveness of:
1.interferons,
2.phagocytosis
3.cell activity of specific immunity
4. tissue repair
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
-Chemotaxis
-Adherence
-Ingestion
-Maturation
-Killing
-Elimination
Which immune cells are involved in non-phagocytic killing?
-Eosinophils
-NK cells
-Neutrophils
-Tc Cells
Attributes of adaptive immunity
MUSIC
-Memory
-Unresponsiveness to self
-Specificity
-Inducibility
-Clonality
What is an antigen?
Molecule recognized as foreign
What is an epitope?
A structural component of an antigen
Types of antigen-presenting cells
-Dendritic Cells
-Macrophages
-B Lymphocytes
5 Types of Vaccines
-Live Attenuated: Modified organism not capable of causing disease in healthy individuals
-Inactivated whole agent: Inactivated pathogens
-Inactivated subunit: Fractions of pathogens
-Toxoid: Similar to bacterial toxin
-DNA: Contains DNA fragment
