Unit 1 Flashcards
Bacillus refers to what shape?
Rod
Coccus refers to what shape?
Round
Curved Rod
Vibro
Short Rod
Coccobacillus
Spiral Shape
Spirillum
Long, loose helical spiral
Spirochete
A pair of two cocci
Diplococci
Grouping of four cells arranged in a square
Tetrad
Chain of cocci
Streptococcus
Cluster of cocci
Staphylococcus
Chain of rods
Streptobacillicus
While gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to ________________, gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to _______________.
Select one:
A.disinfectants; lysozyme
B.penicillin; complement
C. complement; disinfectants
D.lysozyme; penicillin
E.heat; penicillin
B.penicillin; complement
In fermentation, the terminal electron acceptor is _______________ to recycle ________ to _________.
a.organic metabolite; NADH; NAD+
b. organic metabolite; ADP; ATP
c.NADH; ATP; ADP
d.organic metabolite; NAD+; NADH
e.organic metabolite; ATP; ADP
a.organic metabolite; NADH; NAD+
Which of the following is always a consequence of and can be measured (indicated) as evidence of fermentation?
A. pH increase
B. Bubbling
C. Formation of a black precipitate
D. pH drop
D. pH drop
Fungi: Prokaryote or Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Bacteria-Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Prokaryote
Viruses-Prokaryote or Eukaryote
Neither
Protozoa-Prokaryote or Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Which of the following are fundamental structures found in all prokaryotic cells: 1.cell wall, 2. cytoplasmic membrane, 3. chromosome(s), 4. flagellum or flagella, 5. cytoplasm
2,3 and 5
Which strucutes are not stainable, but are made visible through negative stains?
A. Inclusion bodies
B. Mycolic acids
C. Flagella
D. Capsules
D. Capsules
Prokayotes include:
Bacteria
Eukaryotes involved in disease include:
Helminths (worms), Protozoa and Fungi
Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases are separated into
Cellular and Acellular
Examples of acellular agents of infectious disease
Viruses, viroids, and prions
Ribosomes of Prokaryotes
70S
Ribosomes of Eukaryotes
80S
Chromosome Shape: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
-Circular (Prokaryote)
-Linear (Eukaryote)
Prokaryotes contain a nucleus (T/F)
False, they contain a nucleoid
Endospores are contained in ___________ bacteria
gram-positive
What colors do gram positive and negative turn under the gram stain technique?
-Gram positive (Purple)
-Gram negative (Pink)
A gram negative bacterial cell wall contains a thin layer of _____________
peptidoglycan
Functions of the bacterial cell wall
Protect from harsh conditions and osmotic pressure
More susceptible to penicillin
Gram positive
More susceptible to lysozyme
Gram positive
More susceptible to lysis by complement
Gram negative
More sensitive to heat and disinfectants
Gram negative
Endotoxin
Gram negative
Exotoxin
Gram positive
Contains teichoic acid
Gram-positive
Functions of glycocalyx
-Hold Water
-Cell biofilm
Purpose of flagella
Movement of bacterial cells
one flagella
monotrichous
flagella with hair on either side
amphitricous
flagella with hair all around cell
peritrichous
flagella with all the hair at one end
lophotrichous
Which are there more of, flagella or fimbriae
fimbriae
Function of fimbriae
Biofilm formation
Hollow tubes made of protein
Pili
How many pili are there per cell
1-2
Pili are ______ than fimbriae and ________ than flagella
Longer, shorter
Function of pili
Transfer of DNA between cells
O2 required: Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation?
Aerobic Respiration
Phosphorylation of Aerobic Respiration
Oxidative
Phosphorylation of Fermentation
Substrate-Level
Final e- acceptor of Aerobic Respiration
O2
Final e- Acceptor of Fermentation
Organic metabolite
ATP/Glucose (Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation)
-Aerobic Respiration: Lots (30-32)/Fermentation (Few: 2)
Gelatin-like polysaccharide from marine algae
Agar
Organism growing in absence of oxygen
Anaerobe
Device that stabilizes under pressure with stream
Autoclave
Sum of all degradative reactions
Catabolism
Enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
Enzyme that activates fibrinogen
Coagulase
Visible growth of a clone on an agar plate
Colony
Catabolic process under anaerobic conditions
Fermentation
Organism that thrives in low oxygen environments
Microaerophile
Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage microoragnism in foods and beverages
Pasteurization
Cell wall polysaccharide requiring nitrogen
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following is NOT a target of antimicrobial methods?
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. Nucleic Acids
D. Capsule
D. Capsule
Sterilizing, using moist heat at elevated pressure, which keeps water liquid is called ____________.
A. Boiling
B. Pasteurizing
C. Autoclaving
D. Sanitization
C. Autoclaving
Among etiologic agents of disease, bacterial endospores are some of the most difficult to kill forms of life
True
Which form of radiation is recommended to keep surfaces sterile?
A. Gamma Rays
B. UV Radiation
C. X-Rays
D. Ionizing Radiation
B. UV Radiation
Chemicals needed for microbial growth
-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
Affects of low temperaures on physical growth
Fragile and Rigid
Result of high temperatures on physical growth
Too fluid
Can multiply in a refridgerator
Psychophiles
Inanimate objects that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission
Fomite
Removal of potential pathogens from fomites
Disinfection
Removal of potential pathogens from living tissues
Antisepsis
Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
Sanitization
Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage mechanisms in foods and beverages
Pastuerization
Destrcution of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
Sterilization
High energy, sterilized was can’t be autocalved
X-Ray, Y-Ray
Agar Plates innoculated with bacteria for confluent growth
Disk diffusion method
Fermentation is a process that allows for ATP production under anaerobic conditions by
a) Transferring electrons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provides NAD+ for catabolism
b) Generating acidic conditions, under which ATP synthesis is enhanced
c) Transferring protons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provide NAD+ for
catabolism
d) Generating CO2 which activates ATP synthases
a) Transferring electrons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provides NAD+ for catabolism
Which of the following is NOT a difference between eukaryotic & prokaryotic genomes?
a) Mostly diploid - Always Haploid
b) In nucleus - In cytosol
c) Double-stranded - single-stranded
d) Chromosome linear - chromosome circular
b) In nucleus - In cytosol
Fermentation of a specific carbon source is apparent when
a) There is a decrease in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence of an indicator
b) Colonies grow on high salt agar plates
c) There is clumping occurring in the coagulase test
d) There is an increase in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence
of an indicator
e) There is no catalase activity (H2O2 > H2 +O2)
a) There is a decrease in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence of an indicator
Why does nitrogen often become the growth limiting factor?
a) Because ammonia contributes to the physiological pH conditions in the
cytoplasm
b) Because nitrate is an important regulatory factor in bacterial cells
c) Because bacteria uses N2 as an oxidizing agent instead of O2
d) Because in ionic form it contributes to the correct osmotic pressure within
e) Because the demand for the biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and
peptidoglycan
e) Because the demand for the biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and
peptidoglycan
Which of the following is not a target of antibiotic action?
a) Ribosomes
b) Capsule
c) Cell Membrane
d) Cell Wall
b) Capsule
______________ is found in gram negative & gram positive bacteria
a) Lipopolysaccharide
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Teichoic acid
d) Spore formation
b) Peptidoglycan
Which of the following are known to survive autoclaving, an otherwise very effective method of microbial control
a) Gram-negative bacteria
b) Endospores
c) Gram-positive bacteria
d) Fungi
b) Endospores
Standard methods of sterilization in clinical setting are not effective in inactivating
a) Viruses
b) Bacteria
c) Fungi
d) Prions
d) Prions
Spherical bacteria arranged in clusters are also called ____________
a) Streptobacilli
b) Tetrads
c) Staphylococci
d) Streptococci
e) Diplococci
c) Staphylococci
The etiologic agent of meningitis is a _____________
a) Virus
b) Fungus
c) Bacterium
d) Can be any of the above
c) Bacterium
Capsules are virulence factors because they:
a) Elicit a strong immune response
b) Act as toxins
c) Function as lytic enzymes
d) Distinguish the bacterium from the immune system
d) Distinguish the bacterium from the immune system
Which best describes Streptococci with respect to oxygen & growth?
a) Obligate aerobes
b) Facultative anaerobes
c) Obligate anaerobes
d) Microaerophiles
e) Aerotolerant organisms
b) Facultative anaerobes
Microbial capsules (sometimes called glycocalyces) consist typically of ______________
a) Lipopolysaccharides
b) Lipids
c) Peptidoglycan
d) Nucleic Acids
e) Carbohydrates
a) Lipopolysaccharides
One metabolic test used to identify bacteria involves citrate as the sole carbon source. A positive test result will show microbial growth and a __________
a) Production of CO2
b) Formation of indole
c) AdropinpH
d) A pH increase
d) A pH increase
Most pathogenic bacteria are ____________
a) Mesophiles
b) Thermophiles
c) Psychrophiles
d) Alkaliphiles
e) Acidophiles
a) Mesophiles
Which of the following is affected by penicillin
a) DNA replication
b) Peptidoglycan synthesis
c) Ribosome function
d) Lipopolysaccharide synthesis
e) Cell membrane structure
b) Peptidoglycan synthesis
Endotoxins are exclusively originating from ____________
a) Bacteria that do not have flagella
b) Gram-negative bacteria
c) Gram-positive bacteria
d) Bacteria that have a capsule
b) Gram-negative bacteria
Which of the following is found in any type of cellular etiologic agent of disease?
a) Cell wall
b) Nucleus
c) Flagella
d) Mitochondria
e) Ribosomes
e) Ribosomes
The negative stain is used to highlight the presence or absence of _________
a) Volutin (poly-P inclusion)
b) Capsules
c) Endospores
d) Flagella
e) Lipopolysaccharids
b) Capsules
Where do the following structures aid in biofilm formation?
a) Glycocalyx and pili
b) Peptidoglycan and fimbriae
c) Peptidoglycan and pili
d) Fimbriae and glycocalyx
e) Fimbriae and pili
d) Fimbriae and glycocalyx
Mycolic acids (wax-like substances) are found in which of the following types of bacteria?
a) Endospore-forming bacteria
b) Gram-negative bacteria
c) Gram-positive bacteria
d) Acid-fast bacteria
d) Acid-fast bacteria
Which is the correct size order (smallest to largest)?
A. non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-bacterium-protozoan-pinworm
B. Non-enveloped virus-protozoan-enveloped virus-bacterium-pinworm
C. Protozoan-non-enveloped virus-enveloped cirus-bacterium-pinworm
D.Bacterium-non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-protozoan-pinworm
E.Pinworm-bacterium-non-enveloped vrius-enveloped virus-protozoa
A. non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-bacterium-protozoan-pinworm
Which is the correct description for ‘vibro’
A. Rod
B. Short Rod
C. Sphere
D. Curved Rod
E. Spiral
D. Curved Rod
Which of the following is NOT a difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes? Eukaryotic genome-Prokaryotic genome
A. mostly diploid-always haploid
B. In nucleus-in cytosol
C. Double-stranded-Single-stranded
D. Chromosome linear-Chromosome circular
C. Double-stranded-Single-stranded
The sum of all degradative reactions in an organism is called ____________
A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Anabolism
C. Metabolism
D. Aerobic cellular respiration
E. Catabolism
E. Catabolism
Agar plates inoculated with samples from throat swabs for the purpose of testing, where the burning of a candle in a closed jar uses up most of the oxygen. This condition following terms best describes Streptococci with respect to oxygen and growth?
A. Obligate anaerobes
B. Facultative anaerobes
C. Obligate anaerobes
D. Microaerophiles
E. Aerotolerant organisms
B. Facultative anaerobes
Match the method used to measure microbial growth with the correct category?
_Direct Method
_Indirect Method
A. Viable Plate Count
B. Spectophtotmetry
A. Direct Mthod
B. Indirect Method
From the following definitions/descriptions, match the correct one with each term (1-3)
A. Removal of potential pathodens from fomites
B. Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
C. Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages
D. Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
E. Removal of potential pathogens from living tissue
-Pasteurization
-Disinfection
-Antisepsis
C. Pasteurization
A. Disinfection
E. Antisepsis
