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BMW > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the health and inherited features of a nascent cell

A

The accuracy of the DNA copy

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2
Q

What are the bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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3
Q

What is complimentary base pairing

A

A binds with T
C binds with G

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4
Q

Does every cell have the same DNA and uses is it the same way

A

It is the same but used is different ways depending on the type of cell

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5
Q

What is transcription

A

RNA is built by RNA polymerases

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6
Q

What is a difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has:
1 stand instead of 2
Uracil instead of thymine
Has a ribose instead of deoxyribose

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7
Q

What does mRNA do

A

Carries the coding sequence

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8
Q

What does rRNA do

A

Form the core of a cells ribosomes

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9
Q

What does tRNA do

A

Transport the amino acids

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10
Q

What is a difference in RNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

In eukaryotic cells, each class of RNA has its own polymerase, whereas in prokaryotic cells, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes the different classes of RNA.

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11
Q

What is transcriptome

A

The spectrum of which mRNA are present in the cell

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12
Q

What are ribosomes

A

The site where protein synthesis takes place

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13
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

complexes of rRNA molecules and proteins

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14
Q

Fill in the blank:
Sometimes , ribosomes are visible as clusters, called …

A

polyribosomes

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15
Q

How many proteins are there in ribosomes

A

nearly 60 in prokaryotic cells and over 80 in eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

What are other names for rRNA

A

ribozyme or catalytic RNA

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17
Q

What is translation

A

The codon corespondents with a amino acid, than a chain is made

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18
Q

What is special about translation in prokaryotes

A

Transcripten and translation are so closely linked that translation usually begins before transcription is complete

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19
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA protein that helps packaging it

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20
Q

True of false
During interphase the DNA is tightly packed to a point where we can see it with a microscope

A

False, during this stage it is less tightly packed

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21
Q

How is DNA packed in a prokaryote

A

In a singe circular chromosome that is located in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are nucleosomen

A

Repeated units of chromatin

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23
Q

What are nucleosomes made up of

A

DNA that has complexed with 8 small histones

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24
Q

Which types of histones are there

A

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

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25
Q

How are the histones and DNA connected

A

DNA is negative and histones positive

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26
Q

How many times wraps the DNA around a histone

A

Less than twice

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27
Q

What are the N-terminal tails

A

The part of the histone that sticks out

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28
Q

How wide is the first level of packing

A

30 nm

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29
Q

How can packing control gene expression

A

Controls access to DNA

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30
Q

What is euchromatin and hetrochromatin

A

Euchromatin:
Regions of chromatin where active transcription is taking place

Hetro:
Regions where transcription is inactive or is being actively inhibited or repressed.

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31
Q

How is the dynamic chromatin regulated

A

By enzymes

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32
Q

What is the function of remodeling enzymes

A

to slide nucleosomes along the DNA strand so that other enzymes can access the strand.

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33
Q

What is histone code

A

the complex pattern of histone modification
They increase or decrease gene expression

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34
Q

How was discovered that chromosomes have functional and decidedly nonrandom arrangements

A

By using fluorescent

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35
Q

What is chromosome territories

A

uncondensed chromosomes occupy characteristic regions of the nucleus

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36
Q

What do you know about the territories

A

It can bring particular genes closer
They differ from cell to cell

37
Q

introns are getting cut out or have the real gene code

A

cut out

38
Q

what does a cyclin do in DNA translation and transcription

A

as a regulator of a specific phase

39
Q

what is the first step of trandcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence on the 5’ side (or 3’ side)

40
Q

what are enhancer sequences

A

binding sites for regulatory proteins that affect RNA polymerase

41
Q

a open chromatin stucture is associated to active/inactive and a compact one to active/inactive

A

active
inactive

42
Q

transcription of a prokaryote is controlled by..

A

nutrient availability

43
Q

on what does a amino acid bind (DNA, prokatyote)

A

activator

44
Q

what happens when an amino acid binds to a repressor

A

RNA polymerase stops

45
Q

what causes loops in DNA, during translation

A

activator proteins bind to RNA polymerase

46
Q

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Ribose has an extra hydrogen oxide group

47
Q

What is the difference between uracil and tyrosine?

A

Tyrosine has an extra methyl group

48
Q

Does mRNA go from the 5 to 3 side or from the 3 to 5 side

A

5 to 3

49
Q

Does DNA go from the 5 to 3 sides or from the 3 to 5 sides

A

3 to 5

50
Q

How does the RNA polymerase know where to start?

A

Promotor

51
Q

What is the template stand

A

The DNA strand on which the RNA wil bind

52
Q

What is the coding strand

A

The code that wil be the same as the RNA

53
Q

When will RNA polymerase stop?

A

At the Terminator

54
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

An alpha carbon atom link to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a extra components called the side chain

55
Q

How are amino acids linked together?

A

By peptide bonds


56
Q

How are peptide bonds formed


A

By a bio chemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins a amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the neighboring amino acid


57
Q

How is a linear sequence of amino acids called

A

Primary structure 

58
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

59
Q

Are the charges of each amino acid, the same

A

No, there are ones who are positively charged and ones that are negatively charged also ones that are uncharged 

60
Q

What kind of bond is formed by charged amino acids?

A

Ionic bonds 

61
Q

Which type of amino acids are capable of forming a hydrogen bonds

A

Polar amino acids

62
Q

By what kind of interactions do hydrophobic side change interact with each other?


A

Weak van der Waals interactions

63
Q

Are the majority of bonds formed by van der Waals interactions noncovalent or covalent

A

Non covalent

64
Q

Which are the only amino acids capable of forming covalent bonds

A

Cysteines

65
Q

What causes folds in a protein?

A

Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups 

66
Q

What is a secondary structure of a protein made up of

A

Alpha helices
Beta sheets

67
Q

What happens when a protein is dissolved in cytoplasm?

A

Hydrophilic groups go to the surface and hydrophobic groups are getting tucked inside

68
Q

How are proteins structures studied

A

X-ray crystallography

69
Q

What do chaperone proteins do

A

Make sure that the protein doesn’t interact with other structures

70
Q

What does GroEL do

A

Form a hollow chamber around proteins

71
Q

What does GroES do

A

Forms a lid over the chamber made by GroEL

72
Q

Folded proteins are weak/strong

A

Weak

73
Q

What is a protein family

A

A group of proteins that are similar

74
Q

How are proteins altered after translation

A

By transferase enzymes who add small modifier groups (phosphates or carboxyl groups) to proteins

75
Q

Are post-translational modifications reversible

A

Yes

76
Q

How can proteins move within the plasma membrane

A

By membrane diffusion

77
Q

What is fluid-mosaic model

A

The concept that membrane-bound proteins that can travel within the membrane

78
Q

Why kind of mutation had the most effect

A

Mutation in the DNA

79
Q

Where do mutations come from

A

Inherent
Spontaneous
(DNA replication errors, environmental factors, random)

80
Q

How many chromosomes do we have

A

46, 23 pairs

81
Q

What is an allele

A

A specific site on a chromosome that makes you, you

82
Q

What is homozygous

A

When the allele for something is the same on both chromosomes

83
Q

What is genotype

A

The two alleles that code for something

84
Q

What is the phenotype

A

The actual outcome of the genotype (eye color)

85
Q

What is PCR

A

Making a lot of copies of a DNA fragment

86
Q

What is denaturation

A

When dubbel stranded dna is split into one strand by the heat(98°)

87
Q

What is primar annealing

A

The primer attached to the dna (55°)

88
Q

What is primer extension

A

When it’s heating up (72°) tag polymerase extends the primer

89
Q

What do you have after one cycle of PCR

A

2 dubbele strandend DNA’s

BMW (4 decks)

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