Unit 2

Question 1

What determines the health and inherited features of a nascent cell

Answer 1

The accuracy of the DNA copy

Question 2

What are the bases in DNA

Answer 2

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

Question 3

What is complimentary base pairing

Answer 3

A binds with T
C binds with G

Question 4

Does every cell have the same DNA and uses is it the same way

Answer 4

It is the same but used is different ways depending on the type of cell

Question 5

What is transcription

Answer 5

RNA is built by RNA polymerases

Question 6

What is a difference between RNA and DNA

Answer 6

RNA has:
1 stand instead of 2
Uracil instead of thymine
Has a ribose instead of deoxyribose

Question 7

What does mRNA do

Answer 7

Carries the coding sequence

Question 8

What does rRNA do

Answer 8

Form the core of a cells ribosomes

Question 9

What does tRNA do

Answer 9

Transport the amino acids

Question 10

What is a difference in RNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 10

In eukaryotic cells, each class of RNA has its own polymerase, whereas in prokaryotic cells, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes the different classes of RNA.

Question 11

What is transcriptome

Answer 11

The spectrum of which mRNA are present in the cell

Question 12

What are ribosomes

Answer 12

The site where protein synthesis takes place

Question 13

What are ribosomes made of

Answer 13

complexes of rRNA molecules and proteins

Question 14

Fill in the blank:
Sometimes , ribosomes are visible as clusters, called …

Answer 14

polyribosomes

Question 15

How many proteins are there in ribosomes

Answer 15

nearly 60 in prokaryotic cells and over 80 in eukaryotic cells

Question 16

What are other names for rRNA

Answer 16

ribozyme or catalytic RNA

Question 17

What is translation

Answer 17

The codon corespondents with a amino acid, than a chain is made

Question 18

What is special about translation in prokaryotes

Answer 18

Transcripten and translation are so closely linked that translation usually begins before transcription is complete

Question 19

What is chromatin

Answer 19

DNA protein that helps packaging it

Question 20

True of false
During interphase the DNA is tightly packed to a point where we can see it with a microscope

Answer 20

False, during this stage it is less tightly packed

Question 21

How is DNA packed in a prokaryote

Answer 21

In a singe circular chromosome that is located in the cytoplasm

Question 22

What are nucleosomen

Answer 22

Repeated units of chromatin

Question 23

What are nucleosomes made up of

Answer 23

DNA that has complexed with 8 small histones

Question 24

Which types of histones are there

Answer 24

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

Question 25

How are the histones and DNA connected

Answer 25

DNA is negative and histones positive

Question 26

How many times wraps the DNA around a histone

Answer 26

Less than twice

Question 27

What are the N-terminal tails

Answer 27

The part of the histone that sticks out

Question 28

How wide is the first level of packing

Answer 28

30 nm

Question 29

How can packing control gene expression

Answer 29

Controls access to DNA

Question 30

What is euchromatin and hetrochromatin

Answer 30

Euchromatin: Regions of chromatin where active transcription is taking place Hetro: Regions where transcription is inactive or is being actively inhibited or repressed.

Question 31

How is the dynamic chromatin regulated

Answer 31

By enzymes

Question 32

What is the function of remodeling enzymes

Answer 32

to slide nucleosomes along the DNA strand so that other enzymes can access the strand.

Question 33

What is histone code

Answer 33

the complex pattern of histone modification They increase or decrease gene expression

Question 34

How was discovered that chromosomes have functional and decidedly nonrandom arrangements

Answer 34

By using fluorescent

Question 35

What is chromosome territories

Answer 35

uncondensed chromosomes occupy characteristic regions of the nucleus

Question 36

What do you know about the territories

Answer 36

It can bring particular genes closer They differ from cell to cell

Question 37

introns are getting cut out or have the real gene code

Answer 37

cut out

Question 38

what does a cyclin do in DNA translation and transcription

Answer 38

as a regulator of a specific phase

Question 39

what is the first step of trandcription

Answer 39

RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence on the 5' side (or 3' side)

Question 40

what are enhancer sequences

Answer 40

binding sites for regulatory proteins that affect RNA polymerase

Question 41

a open chromatin stucture is associated to active/inactive and a compact one to active/inactive

Answer 41

active inactive

Question 42

transcription of a prokaryote is controlled by..

Answer 42

nutrient availability

Question 43

on what does a amino acid bind (DNA, prokatyote)

Answer 43

activator

Question 44

what happens when an amino acid binds to a repressor

Answer 44

RNA polymerase stops

Question 45

what causes loops in DNA, during translation

Answer 45

activator proteins bind to RNA polymerase

Question 46

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

Answer 46

Ribose has an extra hydrogen oxide group

Question 47

What is the difference between uracil and tyrosine?

Answer 47

Tyrosine has an extra methyl group

Question 48

Does mRNA go from the 5 to 3 side or from the 3 to 5 side

Answer 48

5 to 3

Question 49

Does DNA go from the 5 to 3 sides or from the 3 to 5 sides

Answer 49

3 to 5

Question 50

How does the RNA polymerase know where to start?

Answer 50

Promotor

Question 51

What is the template stand

Answer 51

The DNA strand on which the RNA wil bind

Question 52

What is the coding strand

Answer 52

The code that wil be the same as the RNA

Question 53

When will RNA polymerase stop?

Answer 53

At the Terminator

Question 54

What are amino acids made of?

Answer 54

An alpha carbon atom link to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a extra components called the side chain

Question 55

How are amino acids linked together?

Answer 55

By peptide bonds 

Question 56

How are peptide bonds formed 

Answer 56

By a bio chemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins a amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the neighboring amino acid 

Question 57

How is a linear sequence of amino acids called

Answer 57

Primary structure 

Question 58

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 58

20

Question 59

Are the charges of each amino acid, the same

Answer 59

No, there are ones who are positively charged and ones that are negatively charged also ones that are uncharged 

Question 60

What kind of bond is formed by charged amino acids?

Answer 60

Ionic bonds 

Question 61

Which type of amino acids are capable of forming a hydrogen bonds

Answer 61

Polar amino acids

Question 62

By what kind of interactions do hydrophobic side change interact with each other? 

Answer 62

Weak van der Waals interactions

Question 63

Are the majority of bonds formed by van der Waals interactions noncovalent or covalent

Answer 63

Non covalent

Question 64

Which are the only amino acids capable of forming covalent bonds

Answer 64

Cysteines

Question 65

What causes folds in a protein?

Answer 65

Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups 

Question 66

What is a secondary structure of a protein made up of

Answer 66

Alpha helices Beta sheets

Question 67

What happens when a protein is dissolved in cytoplasm?

Answer 67

Hydrophilic groups go to the surface and hydrophobic groups are getting tucked inside

Question 68

How are proteins structures studied

Answer 68

X-ray crystallography

Question 69

What do chaperone proteins do

Answer 69

Make sure that the protein doesn’t interact with other structures

Question 70

What does GroEL do

Answer 70

Form a hollow chamber around proteins

Question 71

What does GroES do

Answer 71

Forms a lid over the chamber made by GroEL

Question 72

Folded proteins are weak/strong

Answer 72

Weak

Question 73

What is a protein family

Answer 73

A group of proteins that are similar

Question 74

How are proteins altered after translation

Answer 74

By transferase enzymes who add small modifier groups (phosphates or carboxyl groups) to proteins

Question 75

Are post-translational modifications reversible

Answer 75

Yes

Question 76

How can proteins move within the plasma membrane

Answer 76

By membrane diffusion

Question 77

What is fluid-mosaic model

Answer 77

The concept that membrane-bound proteins that can travel within the membrane

Question 78

Why kind of mutation had the most effect

Answer 78

Mutation in the DNA

Question 79

Where do mutations come from

Answer 79

Inherent Spontaneous (DNA replication errors, environmental factors, random)

Question 80

How many chromosomes do we have

Answer 80

46, 23 pairs

Question 81

What is an allele

Answer 81

A specific site on a chromosome that makes you, you

Question 82

What is homozygous

Answer 82

When the allele for something is the same on both chromosomes

Question 83

What is genotype

Answer 83

The two alleles that code for something

Question 84

What is the phenotype

Answer 84

The actual outcome of the genotype (eye color)

Question 85

What is PCR

Answer 85

Making a lot of copies of a DNA fragment

Question 86

What is denaturation

Answer 86

When dubbel stranded dna is split into one strand by the heat(98°)

Question 87

What is primar annealing

Answer 87

The primer attached to the dna (55°)

Question 88

What is primer extension

Answer 88

When it’s heating up (72°) tag polymerase extends the primer

Question 89

What do you have after one cycle of PCR

Answer 89

2 dubbele strandend DNA’s