Unit 2 Flashcards
What determines the health and inherited features of a nascent cell
The accuracy of the DNA copy
What are the bases in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
What is complimentary base pairing
A binds with T
C binds with G
Does every cell have the same DNA and uses is it the same way
It is the same but used is different ways depending on the type of cell
What is transcription
RNA is built by RNA polymerases
What is a difference between RNA and DNA
RNA has:
1 stand instead of 2
Uracil instead of thymine
Has a ribose instead of deoxyribose
What does mRNA do
Carries the coding sequence
What does rRNA do
Form the core of a cells ribosomes
What does tRNA do
Transport the amino acids
What is a difference in RNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In eukaryotic cells, each class of RNA has its own polymerase, whereas in prokaryotic cells, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes the different classes of RNA.
What is transcriptome
The spectrum of which mRNA are present in the cell
What are ribosomes
The site where protein synthesis takes place
What are ribosomes made of
complexes of rRNA molecules and proteins
Fill in the blank:
Sometimes , ribosomes are visible as clusters, called …
polyribosomes
How many proteins are there in ribosomes
nearly 60 in prokaryotic cells and over 80 in eukaryotic cells
What are other names for rRNA
ribozyme or catalytic RNA
What is translation
The codon corespondents with a amino acid, than a chain is made
What is special about translation in prokaryotes
Transcripten and translation are so closely linked that translation usually begins before transcription is complete
What is chromatin
DNA protein that helps packaging it
True of false
During interphase the DNA is tightly packed to a point where we can see it with a microscope
False, during this stage it is less tightly packed
How is DNA packed in a prokaryote
In a singe circular chromosome that is located in the cytoplasm
What are nucleosomen
Repeated units of chromatin
What are nucleosomes made up of
DNA that has complexed with 8 small histones
Which types of histones are there
H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
How are the histones and DNA connected
DNA is negative and histones positive
How many times wraps the DNA around a histone
Less than twice
What are the N-terminal tails
The part of the histone that sticks out
How wide is the first level of packing
30 nm
How can packing control gene expression
Controls access to DNA
What is euchromatin and hetrochromatin
Euchromatin:
Regions of chromatin where active transcription is taking place
Hetro:
Regions where transcription is inactive or is being actively inhibited or repressed.
How is the dynamic chromatin regulated
By enzymes
What is the function of remodeling enzymes
to slide nucleosomes along the DNA strand so that other enzymes can access the strand.
What is histone code
the complex pattern of histone modification
They increase or decrease gene expression
How was discovered that chromosomes have functional and decidedly nonrandom arrangements
By using fluorescent
What is chromosome territories
uncondensed chromosomes occupy characteristic regions of the nucleus
What do you know about the territories
It can bring particular genes closer
They differ from cell to cell
introns are getting cut out or have the real gene code
cut out
what does a cyclin do in DNA translation and transcription
as a regulator of a specific phase
what is the first step of trandcription
RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence on the 5’ side (or 3’ side)
what are enhancer sequences
binding sites for regulatory proteins that affect RNA polymerase
a open chromatin stucture is associated to active/inactive and a compact one to active/inactive
active
inactive
transcription of a prokaryote is controlled by..
nutrient availability
on what does a amino acid bind (DNA, prokatyote)
activator
what happens when an amino acid binds to a repressor
RNA polymerase stops
what causes loops in DNA, during translation
activator proteins bind to RNA polymerase
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Ribose has an extra hydrogen oxide group
What is the difference between uracil and tyrosine?
Tyrosine has an extra methyl group
Does mRNA go from the 5 to 3 side or from the 3 to 5 side
5 to 3
Does DNA go from the 5 to 3 sides or from the 3 to 5 sides
3 to 5
How does the RNA polymerase know where to start?
Promotor
What is the template stand
The DNA strand on which the RNA wil bind
What is the coding strand
The code that wil be the same as the RNA
When will RNA polymerase stop?
At the Terminator
What are amino acids made of?
An alpha carbon atom link to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a extra components called the side chain
How are amino acids linked together?
By peptide bonds

How are peptide bonds formed

By a bio chemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins a amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the neighboring amino acid

How is a linear sequence of amino acids called
Primary structure 
How many amino acids are there?
20
Are the charges of each amino acid, the same
No, there are ones who are positively charged and ones that are negatively charged also ones that are uncharged 
What kind of bond is formed by charged amino acids?
Ionic bonds 
Which type of amino acids are capable of forming a hydrogen bonds
Polar amino acids
By what kind of interactions do hydrophobic side change interact with each other?

Weak van der Waals interactions
Are the majority of bonds formed by van der Waals interactions noncovalent or covalent
Non covalent
Which are the only amino acids capable of forming covalent bonds
Cysteines
What causes folds in a protein?
Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups 
What is a secondary structure of a protein made up of
Alpha helices
Beta sheets
What happens when a protein is dissolved in cytoplasm?
Hydrophilic groups go to the surface and hydrophobic groups are getting tucked inside
How are proteins structures studied
X-ray crystallography
What do chaperone proteins do
Make sure that the protein doesn’t interact with other structures
What does GroEL do
Form a hollow chamber around proteins
What does GroES do
Forms a lid over the chamber made by GroEL
Folded proteins are weak/strong
Weak
What is a protein family
A group of proteins that are similar
How are proteins altered after translation
By transferase enzymes who add small modifier groups (phosphates or carboxyl groups) to proteins
Are post-translational modifications reversible
Yes
How can proteins move within the plasma membrane
By membrane diffusion
What is fluid-mosaic model
The concept that membrane-bound proteins that can travel within the membrane
Why kind of mutation had the most effect
Mutation in the DNA
Where do mutations come from
Inherent
Spontaneous
(DNA replication errors, environmental factors, random)
How many chromosomes do we have
46, 23 pairs
What is an allele
A specific site on a chromosome that makes you, you
What is homozygous
When the allele for something is the same on both chromosomes
What is genotype
The two alleles that code for something
What is the phenotype
The actual outcome of the genotype (eye color)
What is PCR
Making a lot of copies of a DNA fragment
What is denaturation
When dubbel stranded dna is split into one strand by the heat(98°)
What is primar annealing
The primer attached to the dna (55°)
What is primer extension
When it’s heating up (72°) tag polymerase extends the primer
What do you have after one cycle of PCR
2 dubbele strandend DNA’s
