Unit 1 Flashcards
What kind of species consist of one cell
Bacteria
Protozoa
What makes a cell a cell
If they keep the outside out, allow necessary substances in and permit others to leave, maintain their health, and replicate themselves
What is a different name for the cell membrane
Plasma membrane
What are cell membranes made of
phospholipids
What are examples of the functions of a protein on the cell membrane
Gates
Identification
Fasteners
Communication
How much energy does the cell use for maintaining the composition of the cysosol
30%
Name four classes of intracellulair organic molecules
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
What are nucleic acids
Molecules that contain and help express a cells genetic code
What are enzymes
Enzymes convert cellular molecules (whether proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids) into other forms that might help a cell meet its energy needs, build support structures, or pump out wastes.
What are carbohydrates
Starches and sugars
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates
Simple is for immediate energy and complex for storage
What is an other function of complex carbohydrates
Have a rol in cell recognition on the cell membrane
What is the function of lipids in a cell
They are involved in energy storage, as well as relaying signals within cells and from the bloodstream to a cell’s interior
Define what a prokaryote is
If the DNA within a cell is not separated from the cytoplasm
Which term serves the following sentence
One of the early eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryote
symbiotic relationship
What is the function of the mitochondria
generate energy from food molecules
What is the function of lysosomes
break down and recycle organelles and macromolecules
What is the function of ER
helps build membranes and transport proteins throughout the cell
What surrounds an organelle
Lipid membrane (similar but different from cell membrane)
What is an example of the working together of organelles
ATP
What is used to see an organelle
electron microscopy
Organelles are static/dynamic
Dynamic
What is special about the mitochondrion and chloroplast
They have double membranes
And they were eaten😋
Mitochondria evolved from … prokaryotes
Aerobic
Chloroplast evolved from … prokaryotes
photosynthetic
How is the process to convert food in to energy called
oxidative metabolism
How can you meet higher energy demands
By having more mitochondria
How does a prokaryote regenerate energy
By electron transport
Where do cell seek their energy from
Food
Sunlight
How does the cell get the energy
The sugars and fats pass the celmembrane
What is the bomb calorimeter
A device that measures the amount of energy stored in foods
How does the bomb calorimeter work
Food is places inside and heated till burned
The extra heat measured is coming from the food
What is oxidation
a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, changing the composition and energy content of both the donor and acceptor molecules
Into what are oxidation reactions converted for the use of the energy
ATP
NADH
What is this sentence talking about:
Enzymes use this chemical energy to catalyze, or accelerate, chemical reactions within the cell that would otherwise proceed very slowly
Energy from oxidation reactions
In eukaryotic cells, how many processes are there to transform energy in ATP
Three
What is ATP made of
Nitrogen base (adenine)
Ribose sugar
Three phosphate groups
What is glycolysis
Glucose is split into pyruvate
How much ATP is used for glycolysis and how much does it make
And how much NADH is made
2 ATP are used
4 ATP are made
2 NADH are made
As what does NADH serve
Electron carriers
What is fermentation
The glycolysis process in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that takes place in the cytoplasm and does nog require oxygen
What is the role of oxygen in fermentation
Determines is pyruvate is completely broken down
(Of there isn’t any, lactic acid is formed)
What happens to pyruvate when there is oxygen available
It is converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria
And carbon dioxide is formed and a NADH is formed
What happens to acetyl CoA
Enters the citric acid cycle
What comes out of the citric acid cycle
3 NADH
FADH2
GTP
What is oxidative phosphorylation
an electron transport chain, catalyzed by several protein complexes located in the mitochondrional inner membrane
What does oxidative phosphorylation do
transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the membrane protein complexes, and ultimately to oxygen, where they combine to form water
How much ATPis made by oxidative phosphorylation
3 per electron
What is respiration
a term used for processes that couple the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide
Are the mitochondria the only ones that can produce energy
No, chloroplasts can do it and prokaryotes also have a way
What happens to excess energy
Fat🤰
Glucose > glycogen
Plant don’t make glycogen but …
Starches
How much more energy does fat have compared to glycogen
6x
What do enzymes do
Transfer
True of false
Enzymes can act as an on/off switch
True
True of false
Enzymes can change shape
True
What is a metabolic pathway
When the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next one
What is the function of physical connection in a metabolic pathway
intermediate products are passed directly from one enzyme to the next.
What is a catabolic pathway
Breaking down of large organic molecules
What is anabolic pathway
Synthesis of new macromolecules
How does a cell maintain their metabolic pathway
By decreasing or increasing enzymes
