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BMW > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of species consist of one cell

A

Bacteria
Protozoa

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2
Q

What makes a cell a cell

A

If they keep the outside out, allow necessary substances in and permit others to leave, maintain their health, and replicate themselves

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3
Q

What is a different name for the cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

What are cell membranes made of

A

phospholipids

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5
Q

What are examples of the functions of a protein on the cell membrane

A

Gates
Identification
Fasteners
Communication

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6
Q

How much energy does the cell use for maintaining the composition of the cysosol

A

30%

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7
Q

Name four classes of intracellulair organic molecules

A

Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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8
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Molecules that contain and help express a cells genetic code

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9
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes convert cellular molecules (whether proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids) into other forms that might help a cell meet its energy needs, build support structures, or pump out wastes.

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugars

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11
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

Simple is for immediate energy and complex for storage

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12
Q

What is an other function of complex carbohydrates

A

Have a rol in cell recognition on the cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of lipids in a cell

A

They are involved in energy storage, as well as relaying signals within cells and from the bloodstream to a cell’s interior

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14
Q

Define what a prokaryote is

A

If the DNA within a cell is not separated from the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Which term serves the following sentence

One of the early eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryote

A

symbiotic relationship

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

generate energy from food molecules

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17
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

break down and recycle organelles and macromolecules

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18
Q

What is the function of ER

A

helps build membranes and transport proteins throughout the cell

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19
Q

What surrounds an organelle

A

Lipid membrane (similar but different from cell membrane)

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20
Q

What is an example of the working together of organelles

A

ATP

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21
Q

What is used to see an organelle

A

electron microscopy

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22
Q

Organelles are static/dynamic

A

Dynamic

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23
Q

What is special about the mitochondrion and chloroplast

A

They have double membranes
And they were eaten😋

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24
Q

Mitochondria evolved from … prokaryotes

A

Aerobic

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25
Q

Chloroplast evolved from … prokaryotes

A

photosynthetic

26
Q

How is the process to convert food in to energy called

A

oxidative metabolism

27
Q

How can you meet higher energy demands

A

By having more mitochondria

28
Q

How does a prokaryote regenerate energy

A

By electron transport

29
Q

Where do cell seek their energy from

A

Food
Sunlight

30
Q

How does the cell get the energy

A

The sugars and fats pass the celmembrane

31
Q

What is the bomb calorimeter

A

A device that measures the amount of energy stored in foods

32
Q

How does the bomb calorimeter work

A

Food is places inside and heated till burned
The extra heat measured is coming from the food

33
Q

What is oxidation

A

a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, changing the composition and energy content of both the donor and acceptor molecules

34
Q

Into what are oxidation reactions converted for the use of the energy

A

ATP
NADH

35
Q

What is this sentence talking about:
Enzymes use this chemical energy to catalyze, or accelerate, chemical reactions within the cell that would otherwise proceed very slowly

A

Energy from oxidation reactions

36
Q

In eukaryotic cells, how many processes are there to transform energy in ATP

A

Three

37
Q

What is ATP made of

A

Nitrogen base (adenine)
Ribose sugar
Three phosphate groups

38
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Glucose is split into pyruvate

39
Q

How much ATP is used for glycolysis and how much does it make
And how much NADH is made

A

2 ATP are used
4 ATP are made
2 NADH are made

40
Q

As what does NADH serve

A

Electron carriers

41
Q

What is fermentation

A

The glycolysis process in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that takes place in the cytoplasm and does nog require oxygen

42
Q

What is the role of oxygen in fermentation

A

Determines is pyruvate is completely broken down
(Of there isn’t any, lactic acid is formed)

43
Q

What happens to pyruvate when there is oxygen available

A

It is converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria
And carbon dioxide is formed and a NADH is formed

44
Q

What happens to acetyl CoA

A

Enters the citric acid cycle

45
Q

What comes out of the citric acid cycle

A

3 NADH
FADH2
GTP

46
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

an electron transport chain, catalyzed by several protein complexes located in the mitochondrional inner membrane

47
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation do

A

transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the membrane protein complexes, and ultimately to oxygen, where they combine to form water

48
Q

How much ATPis made by oxidative phosphorylation

A

3 per electron

49
Q

What is respiration

A

a term used for processes that couple the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide

50
Q

Are the mitochondria the only ones that can produce energy

A

No, chloroplasts can do it and prokaryotes also have a way

51
Q

What happens to excess energy

A

Fat🤰
Glucose > glycogen

52
Q

Plant don’t make glycogen but …

A

Starches

53
Q

How much more energy does fat have compared to glycogen

A

6x

54
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Transfer

55
Q

True of false
Enzymes can act as an on/off switch

A

True

56
Q

True of false
Enzymes can change shape

A

True

57
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

When the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next one

58
Q

What is the function of physical connection in a metabolic pathway

A

intermediate products are passed directly from one enzyme to the next.

59
Q

What is a catabolic pathway

A

Breaking down of large organic molecules

60
Q

What is anabolic pathway

A

Synthesis of new macromolecules

61
Q

How does a cell maintain their metabolic pathway

A

By decreasing or increasing enzymes

BMW (4 decks)

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