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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of species consist of one cell

A

Bacteria
Protozoa

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2
Q

What makes a cell a cell

A

If they keep the outside out, allow necessary substances in and permit others to leave, maintain their health, and replicate themselves

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3
Q

What is a different name for the cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

What are cell membranes made of

A

phospholipids

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5
Q

What are examples of the functions of a protein on the cell membrane

A

Gates
Identification
Fasteners
Communication

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6
Q

How much energy does the cell use for maintaining the composition of the cysosol

A

30%

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7
Q

Name four classes of intracellulair organic molecules

A

Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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8
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Molecules that contain and help express a cells genetic code

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9
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes convert cellular molecules (whether proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids) into other forms that might help a cell meet its energy needs, build support structures, or pump out wastes.

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugars

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11
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

Simple is for immediate energy and complex for storage

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12
Q

What is an other function of complex carbohydrates

A

Have a rol in cell recognition on the cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of lipids in a cell

A

They are involved in energy storage, as well as relaying signals within cells and from the bloodstream to a cell’s interior

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14
Q

Define what a prokaryote is

A

If the DNA within a cell is not separated from the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Which term serves the following sentence

One of the early eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryote

A

symbiotic relationship

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

generate energy from food molecules

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17
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

break down and recycle organelles and macromolecules

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18
Q

What is the function of ER

A

helps build membranes and transport proteins throughout the cell

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19
Q

What surrounds an organelle

A

Lipid membrane (similar but different from cell membrane)

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20
Q

What is an example of the working together of organelles

A

ATP

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21
Q

What is used to see an organelle

A

electron microscopy

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22
Q

Organelles are static/dynamic

A

Dynamic

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23
Q

What is special about the mitochondrion and chloroplast

A

They have double membranes
And they were eaten😋

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24
Q

Mitochondria evolved from … prokaryotes

A

Aerobic

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25
Chloroplast evolved from … prokaryotes
photosynthetic
26
How is the process to convert food in to energy called
oxidative metabolism
27
How can you meet higher energy demands
By having more mitochondria
28
How does a prokaryote regenerate energy
By electron transport
29
Where do cell seek their energy from
Food Sunlight
30
How does the cell get the energy
The sugars and fats pass the celmembrane
31
What is the bomb calorimeter
A device that measures the amount of energy stored in foods
32
How does the bomb calorimeter work
Food is places inside and heated till burned The extra heat measured is coming from the food
33
What is oxidation
a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, changing the composition and energy content of both the donor and acceptor molecules
34
Into what are oxidation reactions converted for the use of the energy
ATP NADH
35
What is this sentence talking about: Enzymes use this chemical energy to catalyze, or accelerate, chemical reactions within the cell that would otherwise proceed very slowly
Energy from oxidation reactions
36
In eukaryotic cells, how many processes are there to transform energy in ATP
Three
37
What is ATP made of
Nitrogen base (adenine) Ribose sugar Three phosphate groups
38
What is glycolysis
Glucose is split into pyruvate
39
How much ATP is used for glycolysis and how much does it make And how much NADH is made
2 ATP are used 4 ATP are made 2 NADH are made
40
As what does NADH serve
Electron carriers
41
What is fermentation
The glycolysis process in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that takes place in the cytoplasm and does nog require oxygen
42
What is the role of oxygen in fermentation
Determines is pyruvate is completely broken down (Of there isn’t any, lactic acid is formed)
43
What happens to pyruvate when there is oxygen available
It is converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria And carbon dioxide is formed and a NADH is formed
44
What happens to acetyl CoA
Enters the citric acid cycle
45
What comes out of the citric acid cycle
3 NADH FADH2 GTP
46
What is oxidative phosphorylation
an electron transport chain, catalyzed by several protein complexes located in the mitochondrional inner membrane
47
What does oxidative phosphorylation do
transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the membrane protein complexes, and ultimately to oxygen, where they combine to form water
48
How much ATPis made by oxidative phosphorylation
3 per electron
49
What is respiration
a term used for processes that couple the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide
50
Are the mitochondria the only ones that can produce energy
No, chloroplasts can do it and prokaryotes also have a way
51
What happens to excess energy
Fat🤰 Glucose > glycogen
52
Plant don’t make glycogen but …
Starches
53
How much more energy does fat have compared to glycogen
6x
54
What do enzymes do
Transfer
55
True of false Enzymes can act as an on/off switch
True
56
True of false Enzymes can change shape
True
57
What is a metabolic pathway
When the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next one
58
What is the function of physical connection in a metabolic pathway
intermediate products are passed directly from one enzyme to the next.
59
What is a catabolic pathway
Breaking down of large organic molecules
60
What is anabolic pathway
Synthesis of new macromolecules
61
How does a cell maintain their metabolic pathway
By decreasing or increasing enzymes

BMW (4 decks)

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