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BMW > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of cell division

A

Grow and repair damage

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2
Q

In short, what is the cell cycle

A

A mother cell divides in to two daughters cells

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3
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle

A

M-phase
G1-phase
S-phase
G2-phase

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4
Q

What is the G0-phase

A

When the cell does not take part in the cell cycle

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5
Q

In what phase does the cell enter the cell cycle

A

G1

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6
Q

What happens in the S-phase

A

DNA Will be duplicated
(S > synthesis)

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7
Q

What happens in the G2-phase

A

The cell prepares itself for division

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8
Q

What happens in the M-phase

A

The division take place
(M > mitosis)

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9
Q

What happens in the G1-phase

A

The cell grows

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10
Q

What is the first check point of the cells cycle

A

Is the environment suitable for the division

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11
Q

What is the second check point off the cell cycle

A

Was the DNA properly duplicated
Is the environment still good

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12
Q

What is the third check point

A

Are all the chromosomes attached to the spindle

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13
Q

In what phase are the checkpoints of the cell cycle

A

1: end of G1
2: beginning M
3: mid M (between metaphase and anaphase)

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14
Q

What proteins regulate the checkpoints

A

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdks)

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15
Q

How is Cdk activated
(Cyclin kinase)

A

Phosphorylation

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16
Q

How is Cdk inactivated
(Cyclin kinase)

A

Phosphorylation in two places

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17
Q

How is Cyclin regulated

A

By protein production and breakdown

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18
Q

How is Cyclin deactivated

A

By attaching to a ubiquitin flag
It wil than be broken down

19
Q

What types of Cyclins are there

A

G1/S- Cdk
S-Cdk
M-Cdk

20
Q

What happens with the Cyclins during mid M-phase

A

They are all broken down

21
Q

What is the first step of activation of G1-Cdk

A

Mitogen attaches on a receptor

22
Q

What wil the receptor, with mitogen attached to it, activate

A

Ras protein

23
Q

How will MAP kinase activate G1-Cdk

A

Immediate early gene expression > gene regulatory protein > delayed-response gene expression > G1-Cdk

24
Q

What will G1-Cdk phosphorylate

A

Rb protein, it becomes active

25
Q

What happens if Rb protein is activated

A

It will let go of E2F protein

26
Q

What does E2F protein do

A

Triggers S-phase gene transcription

27
Q

What proteins are being produced by S-phase gene transcription

A

G1/S-Cyclin
(Cyclin E)
S-Cyclin
(Cyclin A)

28
Q

On what have the g1/S and S Cyclin positive feedback

A

E2F protein

29
Q

What proteins divides DNA in two strands

A

Helicase

30
Q

On what does ORC (origin recognition complex) bind

A

Origins in the DNA (in the G1 phase)

31
Q

Which two proteins does ORC recruit

A

Cdc6
helicase

32
Q

What do Cdc6 and Helicase create

A

Prereplicative complex (pre-RC)

33
Q

Why can’t Helicase open the DNA in the G1 phase

A

Because it’s bound to Cdc6

34
Q

What does S-Cdk to Cdc6

A

It phosphates it so it loses binding to Helicase

35
Q

How are more copies of the DNA prevented

A

ORC will stay bound and phosphorylated

36
Q

What happens if there is a problem with the cell cycle or with apoptose
(Disbalans)

A

Tumors

37
Q

What is a risk factor for tumors

A

P53

38
Q

How is p53 activated

A

Damaged DNA > AMT/ATR kinase activation > Chk1/2 kinase activation > phosphorylation of p53 ( loses Mdm2) > active p53 > makes RNA of p21

39
Q

What does p21 to

A

P21 mRNA activates translation of Cdk inhibitor proteins (p21) which deactivated G1/S-Cdk

40
Q

Why is a mutation in P53 bad

A

Bad cell (with damaged DNA) will enter the cell cycle

41
Q

What is an other risk factor for the cell cycle

A

DNA viruses

42
Q

What does a DNA virus do
Name 2

A

Produces E7 (looks like E2F) > binds to Rb > the real E2F does not get inactive but keeps working
Produces E6 > binds to p53 > so on

43
Q

What determines the speed of the cell cycle

A

Regulation of Cyclin/Cdk activity

BMW (4 decks)

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