Unit 2 Flashcards
Key term: ATP
Definition: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that is used as a source of energy in cells and is produced through the process of cellular respiration.
Key term: Hydrolysis of ATP
Definition: A reaction that breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in the process.
Key term: Anabolic reactions
Definition: Reactions that involve the formation of biomolecules through endergonic reactions.
Key term: Catabolic reactions
Definition: Reactions that involve the breakdown of biomolecules, releasing energy in the process through exergonic reactions.
Key term: Substrate-level phosphorylation
Definition: A process during cellular respiration in which ATP is produced by transferring a phosphate group directly from a molecule, such as a phosphorylated protein, to ADP.
Key term: Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition: A process during cellular respiration in which ATP is produced through the use of redox reactions to power the formation of the bond between ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Key term: Redox reactions
Definition: Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, leading to the oxidation or reduction of the molecules involved.
Key term: Reducing agent
Definition: A molecule that loses an electron and is oxidized in a redox reaction.
Key term: Oxidizing agent
Definition: A molecule that gains an electron and is reduced in a redox reaction.
Term: Respiration
Definition: The process by which cells produce energy by breaking down nutrients such as carbohydrates and lipids through exergonic (energy-releasing) reactions. This process is essential for the function of all cells and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Term: Redox reactions (reduction-oxidation reactions)
Definition: Essential chemical reactions in which electrons transfer from one molecule to another. When a molecule loses electrons, it is oxidized; when a molecule gains electrons, it is reduced. The molecule that loses an electron to be oxidized is the reducing agent, while the molecule that gains an electron to be reduced is the oxidizing agent.
Term: Electron transport chain
Definition: A series of redox reactions in the mitochondria of cells that are responsible for producing most of the ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The electron transport chain involves the transfer of electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to electron acceptors, such as oxygen, through a series of enzymes. This process releases energy that is used to synthesize ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation and transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to produce ATP.
Term: Krebs cycle
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Flashcard 1:
Term: ATP
Definition: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that is used as a source of energy in cells and is produced through the process of cellular respiration. It contains an Adenine nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphates.
Flashcard 2:
Term: Hydrolysis of ATP
Definition: The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in the process. This is an exergonic reaction.
Flashcard 3:
Term: Anabolic reactions
Definition: Reactions in which biomolecules are synthesized, occurring through endergonic reactions. Opposite of catabolic reactions.
Flashcard 4:
Term: Catabolic reactions
Definition: Reactions in which biomolecules are broken down, releasing energy in the process. These reactions are exergonic.
Flashcard 5:
Term: Substrate-level phosphorylation
Definition: The process of producing ATP by transferring a phosphate group directly from a molecule, such as a phosphorylated protein, to ADP. This accounts for about 10% of ATP production during respiration.
Flashcard 6:
Term: Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition: The process of producing ATP by using redox reactions to power the formation of the bond between ADP and inorganic phosphate. This accounts for about 90% of ATP production during respiration.
Flashcard 7:
Term: Redox reactions
Definition: Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, leading to the oxidation or reduction of the molecules involved.
Flashcard 8:
Term: Reducing agent
Definition: A molecule that loses an electron and is oxidized in a redox reaction.
Flashcard 9:
Term: Oxidizing agent
Definition: A molecule that gains an electron and is reduced in a redox reaction.
Flashcard 10:
Term: Electron transport chain
Definition: A series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation and transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to produce ATP.
Flashcard 11:
Term: Krebs cycle
Definition: A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and involve the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a molecule derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into a series of intermediate compounds, ultimately releasing energy in the form of ATP. Also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Term: Photorespiration
Definition: The process in which plants partially close their stomata to prevent water loss, leading to the increased use of oxygen by the enzyme Rubisco, resulting in an inefficient and wasteful cycle that consumes ATP and produces little useful product.
