Unit 2 Flashcards
internal migration
moving within a country’s borders (ex: California to Texas)
demographic transition
a model used to show the patterns of a society’s fertility and mortality rates in 4-5 stages
agricultural density
total number of farmers divided by arable land, used to determine how rich or poor a country is (more farmers = less technology)
life expectancy / longevity rate
the number of years a certain person can expect to live, the average years a member of a population dies at
zero population growth
no population growth, when the NIR is close to or equals 0
voluntary migration
migration based on own choices
remittance
money that is sent back to a migrant’s family in their home country
international / transnational migration
migration to another country (ex: England to Canada)
child mortality rate
the amount of deaths from the ages 1-5 per one thousand children
demography
study and description of people
doubling time
the years it would take for a certain population to double
epidemiological transition
a model focusing on the health threats for each stage of demographic transition
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average amount of children born to a woman within her child-bearing years (15-49)
physiological density
-population divided by arable land
- measures ability + pressures to produce food to sustain population
carrying capacity
the amount of people an area can support/sustain
dependency ratio
the percentage of people that are dependent on the working population.
the number of people younger than 15 and older than 64 divided by the number of people from 15-64, then multiplied by 100 to reach a percentage. can also be specific for an age group: youth dependency ratio (younger than 15), and old-age dependency ratio (older than 64)
Neo-Malthusian
an improved version of Thomas Malthus’ theory, it explains that the Earth’s resources can only support a certain population (carrying capacity)
age distribution
the proportion of individuals of different ages within a population.
arithmetic density
- total population divided by land
- doesn’t consider other factors that play into population, like the environment
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the number of deaths under 1 years old per 1,000 births
crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births in a year divided by the total population within an area
population pyramid
a graph that shows population based on age and sex. has different stages of rapidly expanding (high birth rate, high death rate), expanding, stationary (constant age structure), and contracting (low birth rate)
forced migration
migration due to fear of violence, war, slavery, etc.
guest worker/time-contract workers
when someone migrates to a place in order to be a temporary worker, however some do decide to stay in that location
chain migration
when someone migrates to a place because of family that has previously migrated there
refugee
a person who migrated from their home country because they feared for their safety (usually war)
intervening obstacle
something that slows or pauses a migration (ex: oceans, deserts, mountains)
natalism (pro/anti)
a belief surrounding having children
anti-natalism: wanted fewer births (ex: China)
pro-natalism: wanted more births (ex: USSR)
brain drain/gain
when a country loses an educated/smart person from emigration (drain) or gains one from immigration (gain)
sex ratio
the proportion of males to females born in a population. typically, there are more men than women, but women live longer. however, it can become imbalanced in places like China and India
intervening opportunity
pausing/stopping a migration due to own choices
net migration
the number of people who immigrated - the number who emigrated
push / pull factors
something that influences someone to emigrate (push) or immigrate (pull) from/to a certain place (ex: jobs, cultural ideas, etc.)
step migration
a type of migration where someone migrates to several places before a set final destination
natural increase rate / rate of natural increase (NIR / RNI)
subtracts the CDR from the CBR, shows the growth of population through natural means
Thomas Malthus
theorized that the population is growing exponentially, but the food supply increases arithmetically. essentially, the amount of food won’t be able to support the population. this helped to open the conversation about overpopulation, however, the theory was flawed because of the technology that was developed in the following years that helped preserve and make more food to support the population
ecumene
portion of Earth with permanent human settlement
emigration
someone migrates out a place
overpopulation
when there is too many people for the land to support
crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths in a year divided by the total population within an area
immigration
someone migrates into a place
contraception
a method of preventing pregnancy (birth control pills, condoms, sterilization, abstinence, etc.)
demographic equation
the NIR (CBR-CDR) added with the net migration (immigration-emigration), used to measure the total growth of a country
replacement fertility
the amount of children each woman will need to have to replace the last generation
activity space
where circulation takes place
circulation
the normal movement you make daily (home to school, work, stores, etc.)
diaspora
when people of a similar background are spread out throughout the world , typically forced or because of fear
migration stream
a flow of migrants to the same location (ex: Latin America to U.S.)
migration selectivity
a place selecting certain people to immigrate (ex: for or against)
urbanization
migration to a city
suburbanization
migration to a suburb
counter urbanization
migration to a rural area (usually from an urban area)
interregional migration
migration between two regions
intraregional migration
migration in the same region
