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ap human > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

internal migration

A

moving within a country’s borders (ex: California to Texas)

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2
Q

demographic transition

A

a model used to show the patterns of a society’s fertility and mortality rates in 4-5 stages

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3
Q

agricultural density

A

total number of farmers divided by arable land, used to determine how rich or poor a country is (more farmers = less technology)

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4
Q

life expectancy / longevity rate

A

the number of years a certain person can expect to live, the average years a member of a population dies at

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5
Q

zero population growth

A

no population growth, when the NIR is close to or equals 0

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6
Q

voluntary migration

A

migration based on own choices

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7
Q

remittance

A

money that is sent back to a migrant’s family in their home country

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8
Q

international / transnational migration

A

migration to another country (ex: England to Canada)

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9
Q

child mortality rate

A

the amount of deaths from the ages 1-5 per one thousand children

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10
Q

demography

A

study and description of people

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11
Q

doubling time

A

the years it would take for a certain population to double

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12
Q

epidemiological transition

A

a model focusing on the health threats for each stage of demographic transition

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13
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average amount of children born to a woman within her child-bearing years (15-49)

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14
Q

physiological density

A

-population divided by arable land
- measures ability + pressures to produce food to sustain population

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15
Q

carrying capacity

A

the amount of people an area can support/sustain

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16
Q

dependency ratio

A

the percentage of people that are dependent on the working population.

the number of people younger than 15 and older than 64 divided by the number of people from 15-64, then multiplied by 100 to reach a percentage. can also be specific for an age group: youth dependency ratio (younger than 15), and old-age dependency ratio (older than 64)

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17
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

an improved version of Thomas Malthus’ theory, it explains that the Earth’s resources can only support a certain population (carrying capacity)

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18
Q

age distribution

A

the proportion of individuals of different ages within a population.

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19
Q

arithmetic density

A
  • total population divided by land
  • doesn’t consider other factors that play into population, like the environment
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20
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

the number of deaths under 1 years old per 1,000 births

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21
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

the number of births in a year divided by the total population within an area

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22
Q

population pyramid

A

a graph that shows population based on age and sex. has different stages of rapidly expanding (high birth rate, high death rate), expanding, stationary (constant age structure), and contracting (low birth rate)

23
Q

forced migration

A

migration due to fear of violence, war, slavery, etc.

24
Q

guest worker/time-contract workers

A

when someone migrates to a place in order to be a temporary worker, however some do decide to stay in that location

25
Q

chain migration

A

when someone migrates to a place because of family that has previously migrated there

26
Q

refugee

A

a person who migrated from their home country because they feared for their safety (usually war)

27
Q

intervening obstacle

A

something that slows or pauses a migration (ex: oceans, deserts, mountains)

28
Q

natalism (pro/anti)

A

a belief surrounding having children
anti-natalism: wanted fewer births (ex: China)
pro-natalism: wanted more births (ex: USSR)

29
Q

brain drain/gain

A

when a country loses an educated/smart person from emigration (drain) or gains one from immigration (gain)

30
Q

sex ratio

A

the proportion of males to females born in a population. typically, there are more men than women, but women live longer. however, it can become imbalanced in places like China and India

31
Q

intervening opportunity

A

pausing/stopping a migration due to own choices

32
Q

net migration

A

the number of people who immigrated - the number who emigrated

33
Q

push / pull factors

A

something that influences someone to emigrate (push) or immigrate (pull) from/to a certain place (ex: jobs, cultural ideas, etc.)

34
Q

step migration

A

a type of migration where someone migrates to several places before a set final destination

35
Q

natural increase rate / rate of natural increase (NIR / RNI)

A

subtracts the CDR from the CBR, shows the growth of population through natural means

36
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

theorized that the population is growing exponentially, but the food supply increases arithmetically. essentially, the amount of food won’t be able to support the population. this helped to open the conversation about overpopulation, however, the theory was flawed because of the technology that was developed in the following years that helped preserve and make more food to support the population

37
Q

ecumene

A

portion of Earth with permanent human settlement

38
Q

emigration

A

someone migrates out a place

39
Q

overpopulation

A

when there is too many people for the land to support

40
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

the number of deaths in a year divided by the total population within an area

41
Q

immigration

A

someone migrates into a place

42
Q

contraception

A

a method of preventing pregnancy (birth control pills, condoms, sterilization, abstinence, etc.)

43
Q

demographic equation

A

the NIR (CBR-CDR) added with the net migration (immigration-emigration), used to measure the total growth of a country

44
Q

replacement fertility

A

the amount of children each woman will need to have to replace the last generation

45
Q

activity space

A

where circulation takes place

46
Q

circulation

A

the normal movement you make daily (home to school, work, stores, etc.)

47
Q

diaspora

A

when people of a similar background are spread out throughout the world , typically forced or because of fear

48
Q

migration stream

A

a flow of migrants to the same location (ex: Latin America to U.S.)

49
Q

migration selectivity

A

a place selecting certain people to immigrate (ex: for or against)

50
Q

urbanization

A

migration to a city

51
Q

suburbanization

A

migration to a suburb

52
Q

counter urbanization

A

migration to a rural area (usually from an urban area)

53
Q

interregional migration

A

migration between two regions

54
Q

intraregional migration

A

migration in the same region

ap human (7 decks)

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