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MICROPARA LABORATORY > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Microbial growth

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3
Q

Splits into two cells

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

Time required for a cell to divide

A

Generation time

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5
Q

Cells form an initial outgrowth (a bud)

A

Budding

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6
Q

Microbes that grow and multiply in or on culture media

A

Culture

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7
Q

A group of descendants of an original cell

A

Colony

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8
Q

Aka: AXENIC

A

Pure culture

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9
Q

Pure culture

A

Contains a single microbial species

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10
Q

6 definition of terms

A
  1. Microbial growth
  2. Binary Fission
    (Generation Time)
  3. Budding
  4. Culture
  5. Colony
  6. Pure Culture
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11
Q

3 Physical requirements for growth

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Osmotic Pressure
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12
Q

Category in Temperature

A
  1. PSYCHROPHILES
  2. PSYCHOTROPHS
  3. MESOPHILES
  4. THERMOPHILES
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13
Q

It is sensitive to temperatures over 20’

A

PSYCHROPHILES

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14
Q

optimum growth at 20’C to 30’C

A

PSYCHROTROPHS

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15
Q

Optimum growth at 25’C to 40’C

A

MESOPHILES

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16
Q

EXTREME THERMOPHILES

A

grown at 80’C or higher

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17
Q

Optimum growth oa 50’C to 60’C

A

THERMOPHILES

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18
Q

Category in pH

A
  1. Acidophiles
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Alkaliphiles
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19
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

Acidophiles

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20
Q

Grow at pH 5.4 to 8.5

A

Neutrophiles

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21
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Alkaliphines

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22
Q

brown at high pH (7 to 12)

A

Alkaliphiles

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23
Q

Category in Osmotic Pressure

A

Obligate Halophiles
Facultative Halophiles

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24
Q

Aka: Extreme Halophiles

A

Osmotic pressure

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25
Q

Does not require high salt concentration for growth

A

Facultative Halophiles

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26
Q

Requires very high concentration 20-30%

A
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27
Q

Tolerates 2-15% salt concentration

A

Facultative Halophiles

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28
Q

Grow at a very low pH (0.1 to 5.4)

A

Acidophiles

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29
Q

7 Chemical requirements for growth

A

A. Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Sulfur
D. Phosphorus
E. Others
F. Oxygen
G. Carbon Dioxide

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30
Q

Category of Carbon

A

Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs

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31
Q

Organic carbon sources

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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32
Q

Inorganic energy sources

A

Chemoautotrophs

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33
Q

May need to consume other living organisms to live

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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34
Q

Primary carbon source is carbon dioxide

A

Chemoautotrophs

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35
Q

Nitrogen

A

Makes up to 14% of dry cell weight

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36
Q

Sulfur

A

Used to form proteins and some vitamins

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37
Q

Used to form DNA, RNA, ATP and phospholipids

A

Phosphorus

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38
Q

Others

A

K
Mg
Ca
Fe
Cu
Mo
Zn

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39
Q

Growth requirement for aerobic microorganisms

A

Oxygen ; sources : atmosphere water

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40
Q

5 category of oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Micro-aerophiles

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41
Q

It requires oxygen to live.

A

Obligate aerobes

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42
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Mycobacterium tubercolosis

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43
Q

It can use oxet Feb, but can grow in its absence

A

Facultative anaerobes

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44
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Escherichia coli

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45
Q

Can’t use oxygen and is harmed by the presence of toxic forms of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

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46
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridium tetani

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47
Q

Can’t use oxygen but can grow in its absence

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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48
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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49
Q

Micro-aerophiles

A

Helicobacter pylori

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50
Q

Requires oxygen at low

A

Micro-aerophiles

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51
Q

Oxygen in anaerobes

A

O2—metabolism—toxic— Bacterial
Product. Death.
O2-OH- O2+ H2O2

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52
Q

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxidase

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53
Q

Catalase

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen

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54
Q

Converts superoxide to oxygen & hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase

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55
Q

Bacterial growth

A

Lag phase
Lag phase
Stationary phase
Death or decline phase

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56
Q

Lag phase

A

No increase in number of living bacterial cells

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57
Q

Log phase

A

Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells

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58
Q

Stationary phase

A

Plateau in number of living bacterial cells; rate of cell division and death roughly equal

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59
Q

Death or decline phase

A

Exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells

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60
Q

Superoxide free radical

A

Superoxide dismutase

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61
Q

Peroxide anion

A

Catalase
Peroxidase

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62
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2-loving

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63
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Candle jar
CO2 generating packet

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64
Q

Require Increase concentration of CO2 and lower levels of O2

A

Carbon dioxide

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65
Q

Substance containing nutrients in which cells or microorganisms can be grown; may be solid, liquid or gel

A

Culture media

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66
Q

3 Characteristics of culture media

A

Contains appropriate nutrients
Sterile
Incubated at appropriate temperature

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67
Q

Act of introducing microorganisms or suspension of microorganisms into a culture medium

A

Inoculation

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68
Q

Microbial cells added to a medium in order to start a culture

A

Inoculum

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69
Q

3 Category of culture media

A

Solid media
Liquid media
Semisolid media

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70
Q

Nutrient material that contains a solidifying agent

A

Solid media

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71
Q

Nutrient material that contains <1% solidifying agent

A

Semisolid media

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72
Q

Nutrient material that last solidifying agent

A

Liquid media

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73
Q

Liquid medium in a tube, bottle or flask

A

Broth

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74
Q

Applicable if high concentration of bacteria is desired

A

Broth

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75
Q

Loose cap
Bacteria is above

A

Obligate aerobes

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76
Q

Bacteria is in the lower part of the tube

A

Obligate anaerobes

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77
Q

More bacteria in the top part of the tube and lesser at the bottom

A

Facultative anaerobes

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78
Q

The bacteria is scattered in the tube

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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79
Q

Agar plate

A

Difficult to transport and store

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80
Q

Allows for isolation and examination of colonies

A

Agar plate

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81
Q

For microorganisms that prefer O2

A

Agar Deep

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82
Q

Inoculating needle is used to stab the solid medium

A

Agar deep

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83
Q

For easy storage and transportation

A

Agar slant

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84
Q

Agar slant

A

Tube of solid medium at an angle for higher surface area

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85
Q

Cannot be degraded by most bacteria

A

Agar

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86
Q

Some species of red algae

A

Gracilaria compressa
Gelidium cartilagineum
Gelidium amansii

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87
Q

Unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae

A

Agar

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88
Q

Melts above 95’c

A

agar

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89
Q

Does not solidify until it reaches 40’C

A

Agar

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90
Q

6 Types of culture media

A

All purpose media
Selective media
Differential media
Enrichment media
Chemically defines media
Complex media

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91
Q

Microorganisms requiring special culture technique

A

Mycobacterium tubercolosis
Treponema pallidum
Obligate parasites
Influenza virus
Mycoplasma

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92
Q

Exact components are difficult to estimate because of complex ingredients

A

Complex media

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93
Q

Prepared from pure chemical substances of known composition and concentration

A

Chemically defined media

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94
Q

Favors growth of a particular microorganism over others by providing essential nutrients

A

Enrichment media

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95
Q

Used for differentiating between bacteria by using an identification marker for a specific type of microorganisms

A

Differential media

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96
Q

Allows growth of desired microorganism while suppressing the growth of unwanted microorganisms

A

Selective media

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97
Q

Has multiple effect

A

All purpose media

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98
Q

For general purposes of preservation, isolation, storage of cultures and antibiotic sensitivity test

A

All purpose media

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99
Q

Difference between binary fission from mitosis

A

No mitotic spindle form

100
Q

generation time E.coli

A

30 to 180 mins

101
Q

generation time M. tuberculosis

A

12 hours

102
Q

T. pallidum

A

33 hours in rabbit testes

103
Q

M. leprae

A

10 days in armadillos

104
Q

Cocci synthesize new cell walls

A

septal region

105
Q
A

Rod shape bacteria

106
Q

Logarithmic representation of bacterial growth

A

2^n

107
Q

the initial outgrowth

A

a bud

108
Q

other name of pure culture

A

axenic culture

109
Q

how the surface of the colony appears

A

texture

110
Q

Texture types

A

smooth
glistening
mucoid
slimy
dry
powdery
flaky

111
Q

Transparency

A

Transparent
Translucent
Opaque

112
Q

You can see through them

A

Transparent

113
Q

Light pass through them

A

Translucent

114
Q

solid-appearing

A

opaque

115
Q

Intracellular pigments

A

color/pigmentation

116
Q

Many bacteria do not produce any pigment and appear _________

A

white or gray

117
Q

Magnifying tool

A

Colony counter
Dissecting microscope

118
Q

Colony size

A

Punctiform <1 mm
Small 1-2 mm
Medium 3-4 mm
Large >5 mm

119
Q

Colony forms

A

Circular
Rhizoid
Irregular
Filamentous

120
Q

Colony Margin

A

Entire
Undulate
Lobate
Filamentous
Curled

121
Q

Colony elevation

A

Flat
Raised
Convex
Pulvinate
Umbonate

122
Q

Rely on organic compounds as source of food to provide energy and carbon

A

Heterotrophs

123
Q

Mesophile/Mesophilic temperature

A

20 to 40 degrees celsius

124
Q

Body Temperature

A

37

125
Q

Room temperature

A

Room temperature

126
Q

The lowest temperature at which an organism is able to conduct metabolism

A

Minimum growth temperature

127
Q

Temperature at which an organism’s metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate

A

optimum growth temperature

128
Q

The highest temperature at which an organism continues to metabolize

A

maximum growth temperature

129
Q

when temperature exceed maximum growth temperature, the organism’s _________

A

protein are permanently denatured and dies

130
Q

P S Y C H R O P H I L E S other name

A

cryophiles

131
Q

sensitive to temperatures over 20 ̊C

optimum growth at
15 ̊C or below

A

P S Y C H R O P H I L E S

132
Q

− optimum growth at 20 ̊C to 30 ̊C

A

P S Y C H R O T R O P H S

133
Q

− optimum growth at 25 ̊C to 40 ̊C

A

M E S O P H I L E S

134
Q

− optimum growth at 50 ̊C to 60 ̊C

A

T H E R M O P H I L E S

135
Q

P S Y C H R O T R O P H S Other name

A

Cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea

136
Q

grow at 80 ̊C or higher

A

Extreme Thermophiles

137
Q

M E S O P H I L E S other name

A

moderate temperature-loving

138
Q

T H E R M O P H I L E S other name

A

Heat-loving

139
Q

Extreme Thermophiles Example

A

Geogemma barosii

140
Q

Geogemma barosii

A

85 to 121
2 hours in 130

141
Q

Can destroy most microbes

A

> 60 degrees

142
Q

slow microbial growth

A

50 to 60

143
Q

rapid microbial growth; produce toxins

A

25 to 50

144
Q

grow at very low pH (0.1 to 5.4)

A

A C I D O P H I L E S

145
Q

Organs with low pH

A

Vagina and stomach

146
Q

the causative agent of peptic ulcer

A

Helicobacter pylori

147
Q

A C I D O P H I L E S example

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

148
Q

− grow at pH 5.4 to 8.5

A

N E U T R O P H I L E S

149
Q

Lactobacillus produce

A

lactic acid

150
Q

− grow at high pH (7 to 12)

A

A L K A L I P H I L E S

151
Q

Most bacteria, protozoa, and pathogens grow best at what pH

A

Neutral

152
Q

A L K A L I P H I L E S example

A

− Vibrio cholerae
cholera

− Alkaligenes faecalis
− Agrobacterium spp.

153
Q

Pressure difference needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

154
Q

require very high salt conc. 20 to 30%

A

O B L I G A T E
H A L O P H I L E S

155
Q

O B L I G A T E
H A L O P H I L E S
another name

A

extreme halophiles
strict halophiles

156
Q

Can survive month in dry conditions due to the ability of its cell wall to retain water

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

157
Q

− do not require high salt conc. for growth
− tolerates 2-15% salt concentration

A

F A C U L T A T I V E
H A L O P H I L E S

158
Q

Salt-water principle

A

Water follows salt
Sodium attracts water

159
Q

No net movement of water

A

Cells in isotonic solution

160
Q

Shrink because of the net movement of water out of the cell

A

Cell in hypertonic solution

161
Q

Undergo gain of water

A

Cells in hypotonic solution

162
Q

Solute concentration inside and outside are the same

A

Isotonic solution

163
Q

Have higher solute concentration than inside the cell

A

Hypertonic solution

164
Q

Has a lower solute concentration

A

Hypotonic solution

165
Q

Hypo comes from

A

Latin word under or low

166
Q

− organisms that derive energy from organic carbon sources
− may need to consume other living organisms to
live

A

C H E M O H E T E R O T R O P H S

167
Q

Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environment

A

Chemotrophs

168
Q

Organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter

A

Heterotroph

169
Q

Some bacteria can reduce nitrogen gas t

A

ammonia

170
Q

S U L F U R sources

A

proteins,
hydrogen sulfide,
sulfates

171
Q

Sulfur is used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins like

A

Thiamine - Vitamin B1
Biotin - Vitamin H

172
Q

used to form DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids

A

P H O S P H O R U S

173
Q

P H O S P H O R U S sources

A

Inorganic
phosphate salts,
Buffers (from culture medium)

174
Q

phospholipids are found in _______

A

cell membranes of bacteria

175
Q

Growth requirement for aerobic microorganisms

A

O X Y G E N

176
Q

F A C U L T A T I V E
A N A E R O B E S
has ________ enzymes that allow toxic forms of oxygen to be neutralized

A

catalase
SOD (superooxide dismutase)

177
Q

M I C R O -
A E R O P H I L E S
example

A

Helicobacter pylori
Campylobacter jejuni

178
Q

Toxic forms of oxygen

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide radicals

179
Q

converts superoxide to oxygen & hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase:

180
Q

converts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen

A

Catalase:

181
Q

Used for cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria

A

Calcium

182
Q

CULTURE MEDIA common ingredient

A

Peptone
Beef extract
Yeast extract
Distilled water
agar

183
Q

The manner in which the inoculum is spread out into the cultured medium

A

Streaking

184
Q

A G A R is the ____________ obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae

A

Unbranched polysaccharide

185
Q

some species of red algae

A

i. Gracilaria compressa
ii. Gelidium cartilagineum
iii. Gelidium amansii

186
Q

Who first used agar

A

Robert Koch

187
Q

Another solidifying agent

A

Gellan gum

188
Q

Inoculating techniques

A

Stabbing
Stab and streak
Streaking

189
Q

Irish moss (Red Algae)

A

Chondrus crispus

190
Q

maybe done in media with dilute agar concentration

A

motility test

191
Q

useful in demonstrating motility of bacteria

A

SEMISOLID MEDIA:

192
Q

For general purposes of
preservation, isolation, storage of
cultures and antibiotic sensitivity
tests

A

ALL - P U R P O S E
M E D I A

193
Q

ALL - P U R P O S E
M E D I A
examples

A

− Peptone water
− Nutrient broth
− Nutrient agar
− Bismuth Sulfite Agar

194
Q

Allows growth of desired
microorganism while suppressing
the growth of unwanted
microorganism

A

S E L E C T I V E
M E D I A

195
Q

S E L E C T I V E
M E D I A
example

A

− Saboraud’s dextrose agar
− Brilliant green agar
− Thayer-Martin agar
− Lowenstein Jensen Media

196
Q

pH 5.6 discourages bacterial growth
for fungi

A

Saboraud’s dextrose agar

197
Q

inhibits G+ bacteria and allows for the growth of G- salmonella

A

Brilliant green agar

198
Q

for the growth of Neisseria gonorrheae

A

Thayer-Martin agar

199
Q

Used to isolate Salmonella typhi

A

Bismuth Sulfite Agar

200
Q

Used to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein Jensen Media

201
Q

Used for differentiating between
bacteria by using an identification
marker for a specific type of
microorganism

A

D I F F E R E N T I A L
M E D I A

202
Q

D I F F E R E N T I A L
M E D I A
examples

A

− Mannitol salt agar
− MacConkey agar
− Blood agar

203
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

Staphyloccocus aureus -> halophile

204
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Salmonella typhi

205
Q

Uses hemolytic reaction
Used to distinguish bacteria that destroy red blood cells

A

Blood agar

206
Q

Blood agar usually contains

A

sheep or horse blood

207
Q

contains 7.5 % sodium chloride
Both selective and differential
has a pH indicator

A

Mannitol salt agar

208
Q

Mannitol fermentation

A

pink to yellow positive

209
Q

consider as complex, selective, and differential media
contains bile salt, and crystal violet that inhibits the growth of g+ bacteria
use lactose

A

MacConkey Agar

210
Q

The growth in _______ indicates _______ , while _______ does not

A

pink; lactose utilization; yellow

211
Q

Lactose fermenters examples

A

Enterobacter spp
Citrobacter spp
Klebsiella spp

212
Q

Lactose fermenters will produce

A

acid

213
Q

test the ability of an organism to produce hemolysin, enzyme that damage/lyse red blood cells

A

Blood agar media

214
Q

Blood agar media members

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

215
Q

Partial hemolysis

A

Alpha hemolysis

216
Q

Complete hemolysis

A

Beta hemolysis

217
Q

No hemolysis

A

Gamma hemolysis

218
Q

the destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

219
Q

Alpha hemolysis examples

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus mutans

220
Q

Beta hemolysis examples

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Listeria ivanovii

221
Q

Gamma hemolysis examples

A

Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterococcus faecalis

222
Q

Favors growth of a particular
microorganism over others by
providing essential nutrients

A

E N R I C H M E N T
M E D I A

223
Q

E N R I C H M E N T
M E D I A
examples

A

− Chocolate agar
− Loeffler’s medium
− Brain heart infusion agar

224
Q

complex or particular nutrient requirement

A

fastidious organism

225
Q

Chocolate agar example

A

Haemophilus influezae

226
Q

Haemophilus influezae

A

Haemophilus influezae

227
Q

Brain heart infusion agar examples

A

Streptococci
Pneumococci
Meningococci

228
Q

Made up of lysed RBCs

A

Chocolate agar

229
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Pneumonia and sepsis

230
Q

Prepared from pure chemical
substances of known composition
and concentration

A

C H E M I C A L L Y
D E F I N E D
M E D I A

231
Q

C H E M I C A L L Y
D E F I N E D
M E D I A
example

A

− Peptone water
− Modified Korthof’s medium
− Firm agar

232
Q

The exact components are difficult to
estimate because of complex
ingredients

A

C O M P L E X
M E D I A

233
Q

C O M P L E X
M E D I A
example

A

− Nutrient agar
− Trypticase soy agar
− Eosin methylene blue agar

234
Q

use to culture most chemoheterotrophic microorganism

A

C O M P L E X
M E D I A

235
Q

Eosin methylene blue agar is used for

A

Isolation of the fecal coliforms (E.coli)

236
Q

Eosin methylene blue agar contains lactose and dyes _______ and _______

A

Eosin and methylene blue

237
Q

Microorganism that cannot grow in culture media

A

Obligate parasites

238
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES armadillos

A

Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

239
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES rabbit testicles

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

240
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES host cells only

A

Obligate parasites
STD causing
chlamydia

241
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES hen’s egg

A

Influenza virus

242
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES Cell culture

A

Mycoplasma spp

243
Q

A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of
a solid culture medium.

A

S T R E A K
P L A T E
M E T H O D

244
Q

A method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted
medium and pour the medium into a Petri dish to solidify.

A

P O U R
P L A T E
M E T H O D

245
Q

A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid
culture medium.

A

S P R E A D
P L A T E
M E T H O D

MICROPARA LABORATORY (4 decks)

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