Unit 1: Lab aparatus Flashcards
is defined as the amount of detail seen in an image or microscope. It involves the fineness, sharpness, and clarity of the produced image.
Resolution
is defined as the process of enlarging something only in appearance and not its physical appearance. It is the ability of the microscope to scale up the visuals or images produced to see more details.
Magnification
purpose of the oil
is to eliminate or lessen two (2) refractive surfaces which will increase the magnification to 1000 times or greater without affecting the resolution of the image.
two or more lenses produce a dark image. The image that can be seen can be formed mainly through light absorption of the specimen.
Brightfield
The only light that has been reflected or refracted off the specimen may reach the eye since the light stop prevents light from traveling straight from the illuminator to the objective lens.
Darkfield
This method is utilized without staining and uses refraction and interference that are caused by the structures of the specimen. It creates images by converting wavelengths of the light rays passing through the sample.
Phase- contrast
When the beams pass specimen or specimen-free space, they are added and effects of the specimens cause differences in the interference patterns generated by the 2 added beams.
It uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which are capable of absorbing energy from a light source and then emitting this energy as visible light. Finally, the filtered fluorescent emission is sent to a detector where the image can be digitized.
Fluorescence
uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes sequentially and capable of controlling depth of field. Image clarity is enhanced by a narrow aperture that reduces background information away that is not from the z-plane.
Confocal
It allows electrons to travel through a vacuum inside the microscope, then the electrons are converted into a very thin beam in order to focus directly on the specimen.
TEM
Images form usually from electrons that are knocked off of specimens by a beam of electrons. This results in creating a three dimensional with high quality and detailed images.
SEM
Uses a probe that moves horizontally above the surface of the specimen as a constant voltage bias creates the potential for an electric current between the probe and the specimen.
Scanning Tunneling
we can view the surface mainly to a quantum mechanical concept called as tunneling. a level of precision appropriate for single atoms.
Scanning Tunneling
It helps to view and provide images of micro-and nanoparticles and thin specimens. As it uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens, such as secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and X-rays.
SEM
It allows us to observe details of thin specimens and internal structures such as organelles, membranes, etc.
TEM
produces a point source of light and rejects out-of-focus light, providing the ability to produce high-resolution images at different depths and reconstruct images into three-dimensional images by a computer. This is useful for analyzing thick specimens like biofilms, which can check life and was not fixed.
Confocal
works on the principle of staining the components and structures of the sample with dyes called fluorochromes, wherein it is used to visually enhance 3-D features at small scales. This gives the ability to visualize and easily distinguish unique features, components and structures of a sample of interest.
Fluorescence
High-contrast images of living organisms with a three-dimensional appearance. These microscopes are especially useful in distinguishing structures within live, unstained specimens.
Differential interference contrast
Q
This method is usually used in viewing live specimens as it does not require staining. Samples such as observing the organelles in eukaryotic cells and endospores in prokaryotic cells are viewed well
Phase- contrast
we will be able to examine living, unstained specimens of the spirochete Treponema pallidum. The spirochetes seem bright on a black background, similar to a picture negative.
Darkfield
Q
It is used to observe preserved and living specimens that have undergone basic staining, providing contrast between the picture and the image background.
Brightfield
