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unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

function of dendrite

A

receive incoming messages

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2
Q

function of cell body (soma)

A

contains nucleus

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3
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue that INSULATES axon speeding up transmission of messages

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4
Q

functions of node of ranvier

A

space between myelin sheath

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5
Q

function of schwann cells

A

non-neuronal cells in CNS that form myelin sheath

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6
Q

function of axon

A

longest part of neuron which the electrical message travels the length of neuron

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7
Q

function of axon terminal buds (buttons)

A

end point of a neuron that relates neurotransmitters into the synapse, hence sending the message onto next neurons

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8
Q

what is resting potential

A

neuron not firing, has negative charge with mostly potassium ions (K) inside & sodium (Na) outside which creates a polarized neuron

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9
Q

what ions are inside and outside during resting polarization, what is this also known as, and what is the neuron at

A

potassium inside + sodium outside; aka polarization; homeostasis

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10
Q

what is action potential

A

“nerve impulse”
causes the neuron to fire (electrical pulse travels length of axon)
all-or-nothing principle, maintains intensity

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11
Q

what is the all or nothing principle

A

when the nucleus decides to fire, it fires down axons completely or not at all

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12
Q

what is depolarization

A

when message begins, sodium (Na+) ions come in & depolarize (neutralize) section of axon (causing potassium ions to rush out)

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13
Q

what is the refractory period

A

potassium (+K) ions are pushed out and neurons “paused to reload”; during this time a neuron is unable to fire

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14
Q

how does the action potential work

A
  1. sodium channels open + sodium ions rush in
  2. potassium channels open + potassium ions rush
  3. sodium channels close, but channels further down open causing the process to go to the length of the axon
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15
Q

what sends to the neuron

A

terminal buds

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16
Q

what receives the messages

A

dendrites

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17
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance that crosses synapse to carry on message to next neuron

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18
Q

what is the synapse

A

open space between 2 neurons at which neurotransmitters cross

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19
Q

what do the receptor sites

A

specific points on dendrites of neurons that receive specific types of neurotransmitters

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20
Q

what is reuptake

A

the reabsorption by a neuron of transmission following the transmissions of a nerve impulse across a synapse

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21
Q

acetylcholine role + associated disorders

A

muscle contractions, memory and learning; Alzheimer’s disease

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22
Q

dopamine role + associated disorders

A

movement, thought process, rewarding sensation + pleasure; Parkinson’s (-), Schizophrenia (+), Drug Addiction (+)

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23
Q

serotonin role + associated disorders

A

emotional states, sleep + happiness; depression (-)

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24
Q

norepinephrine role + associated disorders

A

physical arousal, learning + memory; depression & stress (-)

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25
Q

GABA role + associated disorders

A

inhibition of brain activity, calming drug; anxiety disorders (-)

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26
Q

endorphins role + associated disorders

A

positive emotion, runners high, pain perception; opiate addiction

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27
Q

what are agonists and what is an example

A

imposter (mimics neurotransmitters)
fits into receptor site like a master key + notes
ex: morphine - opiate derivatives, mimics endorphins

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28
Q

what are antagonists and what is an example

A

blocker (blocks neurotransmitters)
fits in receptor site in fake key which prevents the neurotransmitter from working
ex: botox blocks acetylcholine

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29
Q

what does peripheral nervous system include

A

sensory motor neurons that connect CNS to rest of the body;
autonomic, somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

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30
Q

what does CNS include

A

spine + brain in the center of the body + interneurons

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31
Q

brain function

A

control center

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32
Q

spinal cord function

A

super highway of nerves;
body’s means of transmitting messages to or from brain

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33
Q

interneurons function

A

only neurons in CNS
“relay neuron”
messenger between sensory and motor

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34
Q

sensory [afferent] neurons function

A

carries incoming messages from sense receptors to CNS (feeling)

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35
Q

motor [efferent] neurons function

A

carries outgoing info from CNS to peripheral nervous system + muscles

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36
Q

autonomic nervous function

A

controls involuntary functions or things that happen autonomic
ex: breathing, heartbeat, digestion, etc.

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37
Q

somatic nervous function

A

controls voluntary movements + communication to and from sense organs; WE CONTROL

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38
Q

sympathetic nervous function

A

physically arouses the body and preps it to react in stressful situations expending energy
flight or fight
inhibits digestion
stimulates glucose release by liver
release of epinephrine + norephrine by adrenal gland
dilates pupils

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39
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body, conserves energy + helps keep a constant internal state
rest + digest
stimulates digestion
contracts pupils
slows breathing + heart rate

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40
Q

what system does our endocrine system work with in normal circumstances

A

parasympathetic NS

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41
Q

what system does our endocrine system work with in crisis circumstances

A

sympathetic NS

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42
Q

endocrine system’s hormones are ____

A

released into and circulate thru the bloodstream; received ONLY at a specific site

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43
Q

pituitary gland function

A

master gland
directed by hypothalamus

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44
Q

thyroid gland function

A

produces hormone thyroxine which stimulates chemicals important to all body tissues

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45
Q

adrenal gland function

A

releases epinephrine and norephrine — which help ppl generate extra energy to deal with difficult situations

46
Q

pancreas function

A

regulates blood sugar levels with insulin [glucose]

47
Q

gonads function

A

sex glands
maintains reproductive organs in adults to produce sperm and eggs
testes - releases the hormone, testosterone
ovaries - release the hormones estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

hormones vs neurotransmitters

A

h : longer, affects long term and goes long dist. thru blood

n: shorter, short term, short dist. across synapse from neuron to neuron

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

performs sophisticated info processing + has lobes & cortices

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

functions to connect 2 hemispheres of brain
sum = add 2 parts

51
Q

hippocampus

A

learning + new memories
campus = place to learn

52
Q

thalamus

A

sensory switchboard
takes all incoming sensory info and directs it to connect lobes in cerebral cortex
** smell goes to olfactory bulb

53
Q

hypothalamus

A

5fs - fight, f*ck, fever, flight, feeding

54
Q

amygdala

A

fear stress + aggression [fight or flight]

55
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain
movement, balance and coordination
“you must be my cerebellum bc i can’t stand without you”

56
Q

pons

A

controlling sleep cycle and breathing
“pondering when you are sleeping”

57
Q

medulla

A

controls heart beat

58
Q

reticular formation

A

attention

59
Q

limbic system includes

A

hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus callosum, thalamus

60
Q

how are brain lesions used to study the brain

A

experimentally destroys brain tissue to study behaviors after such destruction
usually done for scientific or medicinal purposes

61
Q

how are EEGs used to study the brain

A

electroencephalogram
simplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface
measured by electrodes placed by scalp
[FUNCTION]

62
Q

how are pet scans used to study the brain

A

position emission tomography
process used to observe metabolic processes in the body + brain
patient ingests a radioactive form of glucose and PET takes pictures of it being used in body/brain
[FUNCTION]

63
Q

how are MRIs used to study the brain

A

magnetic resonance imaging
uses magnetic fields + radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue
[STRUCTURE]

64
Q

how are fMRI used to study the brain

A

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
patient interacts w/ info during scan to show activity
[FUNCTION]

65
Q

how are CT/CAT used to study the brain

A

computerized tomography
combines + series of x-rays images to allow taken from different angles that create cross-sectional images of body + brain (3D x-rays)
[STRUCTURE]

66
Q

frontal lobe case study and function

A

personality
phineas gage - steel rod thru skull damaged frontal lobe
motor cortex

67
Q

what is motor cortex responsible for

A

voluntary movements

68
Q

parietal lobe function

A

control body position, touch, pressure, temp + pain
sensory cortex

69
Q

what is sensory cortex responsible for

A

perceiving touch + pressure on parts of body

70
Q

temporal lobe function

A

hearing, strong long term memory, speech + understanding
auditory cortex

71
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

72
Q

broca’s area

A

areas in left frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involved in speech

73
Q

what does broca’s aphasia mean

A

hard to speak

74
Q

wernicke’s area

A

area in left temporal lobe that is involved in language compression + expression

75
Q

what does wernicke’s aphasia mean

A

can’t understand, no meaning

76
Q

left vs right hemispheres

A

L: logic + language
R: creative, non verbal, faces

77
Q

brain neuroplasticity

A

you don’t use it you don’t lose it

78
Q

split brain operations is done by splitting the

A

corpus callosum & right visual field = L hemisphere and viceversa

79
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions + mood (effects consciousness)

80
Q

tolerance

A

continued use of drug

81
Q

dependence

A

absence from drugs may lead to physical pain, intense cravings [physical dep], negative emotions [psychological dep]

82
Q

withdrawal

A

upon stop taking a drug (after addiction) users may experience undesirable effects of withdrawal

83
Q

depressants

A

“downers”
drugs that reduce neural activity + slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates (depresses CNS activity), opiates (highly addictive)

84
Q

stimulants

A

“uppers”
drugs that excite neural activity + speed up bodily functions
caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine
increased HR BR & attentiveness, mental awareness, anxiety, restlessness

85
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that distort perceptions + evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input
LSD - bad trips, flashbacks
Marijuana (THC) - impaired attention, slowed reaction

86
Q

what is the role of expectations in drug use?

A

impacts response to intoxications

87
Q

what is the circadian rythm

A

controlled by hypothalamus
light signals to tell pineal gland to stop release of melatonin and dark doesn’t signal to increase melatonin
25 hours

88
Q

stages 1-3 are known as

A

NREM

89
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

mix of alpha + theta waves
drifting to sleep
may experience images or auditory hallucinations

90
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

mainly theta waves
sleep spindles : short bursts of energy occur
clearly asleep + relaxed

91
Q

stage 3 of sleep

A

delta waves [deepest sleep]
significantly slowed brain activity
hard to awaken
only occurs first few cycles of night

92
Q

REM sleep

A

low amp, regular beta waves
rapid eye movement + vivid dreams
body relaxed but brain active

93
Q

sleep cycle repeats itself about every___?

A

90 mins

94
Q

how many sleep cycles do we have each night?

A

4-6 sleep cycles

95
Q

can we make up for the amount of sleep missed

A

no

96
Q

sleep deprivation symptoms

A

difficulty focusing
diminished productivity
more likely to make mistakes
diminished immune system
hallucinations (usually after 72 hours)

97
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep

98
Q

narcolepsy

A

overpowering urge to fall asleep midst conversation or standing up
sleep attacks are usually 5 mins or less

99
Q

sleep apnea

A

failure to breathe when asleep
usually in overweight people
treated with weight loss and CPAP
effect:
lack of REM bc they don’t go thru sleep cycle

100
Q

night terrors

A

sudden arousal from sleep > intense fear accompanied by psychological reactions

not same as nightmare bc you cannot remember this in the morning generally

usually during 1st sleep cycle (NREM)

101
Q

sleepwalking

A

blank state, slow movement, may try to eat or go wrong place (stage 3)

102
Q

rem behavior disorder

A

muscle not paralyzed in REM allowing person to act out in dreams

usually violent + vivid

more often in older middle aged men

103
Q

why do we sleep theories

A
  1. protection
  2. recuperates (restores + repairs brain function)
  3. helps remembering (restores + rebuilds fading memories)
  4. sleep growth (pit. gland releases growth hormone)
104
Q

what are dreams

A

usually story-like unfolding mental images
some degree of likeness to daily activities

105
Q

what does the wish fulfilment theory say?

A

Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a safe place for our unconcious wants + desires

106
Q

manifest content vs latent content

A

manifest - literal story & latent - underlying meaning of dream

107
Q

info processing in dreams

A

dreams help us sift, surf and fix day’s experiences in memories

108
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

states that brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random which dreams makes sense of
(dreams are brain’s interpretation of own activity so they mean nothing)

109
Q

cognitive development in dreams

A

some researchers argue that we dream as a part of our brain maturation and cognitive development

110
Q

what do all dream researchers believe?

A

we need REM sleep

111
Q

what is rem rebound?

A

when deprived of rem sleep, and we then sleep, we show an increase in rem sleep

ap psych (4 decks)

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