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unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses: we learn through rewards, punishments and observable behaviors

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2
Q

biological

A

how the body & brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences: our brain structure and chemistry (neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.) influence our actions and emotions

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3
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information: our THOUGHTS impact behaviors and emotions.

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4
Q

evolutionary

A

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes: How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

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5
Q

humanistic

A

how we achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment: How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?

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6
Q

psychodynamic

A

how behavior springs from childhood trauma or evil animal instincts: How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

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7
Q

social-cultural

A

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures: our society places expectations on us -gender, religious, socioeconomic, rural/urban, etc.

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8
Q

case study

A

one person or situation is observed in depth

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9
Q

survey

A

used in both descriptional & correlational research where people respond to questions

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10
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in a natural environment

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11
Q

experimental research

A

to explore cause and effect
manipulates one or more variables
uses random assignment
pro
- specific cause & effect
- controlled variables
con
- results don’t generalize
- not ethical to manipulate certain variables
- sometimes not feasible

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12
Q

quasi-experimental research

A

research that manipulates factors to test an idea, doesn’t include random assignment to control groups

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13
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

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14
Q

longitudinal research

A

data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a long period of time; observational study

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15
Q

cross-sectional research

A

data is collected from a population or a representative subset, at a specific point in time; observational study

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16
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many diff research studies

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17
Q

correlational research

A

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
no manipulation
pro
- works with large groups of data
may be used in situations where an experiment would not be ethical or possible
con
- doesn’t specify cause & effect

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18
Q

descriptive research

A

to observe and record behavior
case studies, nat. obs., or surveys
no manipulation
pro
- only one participant for case studies
- nat obs may be done when it is not ethical to manipulate variables
- surveys may be done quickly and inexpensively
con
- uncontrolled variables mean cause and effect cannot be determined
- single cases may be misleading

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19
Q

pros vs con: case study

A

pro
- good source of hypothesis
- indepth info on people
- unusual cases can shed light on unethical or impractical situations
con
- vital info maybe missing
- memories may be selective or inaccurate
- may not be representative or typical

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20
Q

pros vs con: nat obs

A

pro
- good description
- useful in first stages of research program
con
- little to no control
- maybe biased observations
- doesn’t allow firm conclusions about cause & effect

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21
Q

pros vs con: lab obs

A

pro
- more control than nat obv
- allows use of sophisticated equipment
con
- allow researcher only limited control
- maybe biased observations
- doesn’t allow firm conclusions about cause & effect
- behavior may differ from behavior in natural environ.

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22
Q

pros vs con: test

A

pro
- yield info
con
- difficult to construct tests that are reliable & valid

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23
Q

pros vs con: survey

A

pro
- large data from large ppl
con
- non representative or biased
- inaccurate or untrue responses

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24
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, you knew it all along

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25
Q

who believed the relationship between mind and body are connected?

A

Hebrews, Aristotle & Augustine

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26
Q

who believed the relationship between mind and body are distinct parts?

A

Socrates, Pluto, Descartes

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27
Q

Who believed ideas are inborn?

A

Socrates & Pluto

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28
Q

Who believed ideas come from a blank slate?

A

Aristotle & John Locke

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29
Q

Who is Dorothea Dix and what did she do?

A

American advocate of mentally ill
created first ever mental asylums during civil war to help rather than torture/isolate patients

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30
Q

Who created structuralism & what is it?

A

Wilhelm Wundt
- established the 1st psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany
Focus: to study consciousness; how elements of the brain are organized and related to one another
** used introspection

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31
Q

Who created functionalism & what is it?

A

William James
- created first distinct american school of pscyhology
Focus: how consciousness functions to help people adapt to their environments
** used introspection, questionnaires, and mental tests

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32
Q

Who created Gestalt Psychology & what is it?

A

Max Wertheimer
Focus: consciousness can be best understood by observing the whole experience rather than trying to break it down into a cluster of component elements
CATCHPHRASE: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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33
Q

Who created psychoanalysis & what is it?

A

Sigmund Freud
- first to focus on abnormal behaviors
Focus: all behavior and mental processes are directed by unconscious forces
* used free association and dream analysis to explore the unconscious mind

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34
Q

Sigmund Freud believed problems arise due to

A

unresolved conflict in the unconscious mind

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35
Q

Who created behaviorism & what is it?

A

JB Watson & BF Skinner
Focus: psychology could only study what could be observed and measure objectively [watson] & solely external factors shape behaviors, thoughts not relevant [skinner]

36
Q

nature vs nurture debate

A

whether human traits are based on biology or one’s environment and experiences

37
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

It combines the biological, psychological, and social influences on an individual’s health behaviors and overall health

biological influences: genes, natural selection
psychological influences: learned fears & expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processes
social-cultural influences: the presence of others, cultural & societal expectations, peer influences, social media

38
Q

psychology vs psychiatry

A

psychology: studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy

psychiatry: med professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients

39
Q

Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?

A

studied under William James, first woman president of APA

40
Q

Who is G Stanley Hall?

A

first American to earn PhD in psychology, and first president of the APA

41
Q

Who is Margaret Floy Wahburn

A

first female to earn PhD in psychology

42
Q

What is the APA

A

scientific and professional organization of psychologists founded in 1892 at Clark University

43
Q

correlation doesn’t prove

A

causation

44
Q

confirmation bias

A

when you look for evidence to confirm your beliefs while ignoring other evidence that may disprove it

45
Q

pseudoscience

A

popular beliefs that seem to be related to science like clairvoyance

46
Q

what is the scientific attitude

A

curiosity, skepticism, humility

47
Q

theory

A

testable explanation

48
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

49
Q

operational definitions

A

precise definitions of a variable being observed so that it is measurable and managable (allows for replication)

50
Q

experiments are the only method that

A

isolates a cause & effect

51
Q

representative sample

A

a smaller group that gives a snapshot of the total population

52
Q

random sample

A

everyone in the pop has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study to generalize findings

53
Q

stratified sample

A

the population is divided into relevant subcategories and a random sample is taken from each subcategory

54
Q

random assignment

A

the researcher randomly assigns participants to the experimental or control group to eliminate the pre-existing differences of groups

55
Q

experimental group

A

group that receives special treatment

56
Q

control group

A

participants who do not receive the experimental treatment

57
Q

independent variable

A

“CAUSE”
factor manipulated

58
Q

dependent variable

A

“EFFECT”
factor that may change in response and is being measured

59
Q

placebo

A

fake treatment

60
Q

single-blind procedure

A

participants don’t know what group they are in

61
Q

double-blind procedure

A

participants nor the person gathering data know which group is control or experimental

62
Q

measures of central tendency

A

[distribution of scores]
mean (avg), median (middle), mode (most freq)

63
Q

measures of variability

A

range (diff between highest and smallest #s), standard deviation (avg diff between score and mean)

64
Q

normal distribution produces a

A

a bell-shaped curve

65
Q

what is most impacted by skewed distribution

A

mean

66
Q

positive skew is also known as _____ & has a tail on the _____

A

right skew, right

67
Q

negative skew is also known as _____ & has a tail on the _____

A

left skew, left

68
Q

inferential statistics

A

inference that if something happened in sample, it will happen for whole population

69
Q

null hypothesis

A

no difference between two sets
purpose: til research shows there is a diff, the research must assume that any diff is due to chance

70
Q

statistical significance

A

any difference observed is probably NOT due to chance, and diff is read

71
Q

data is significant when

A

95% or greater likelihood that any difference is due to an independent variable (p<= 0.05)

72
Q

validity

A

accuracy, when the experiment measures exactly what you want to measure

73
Q

reliability

A

consistent results when repeated

74
Q

who determines its ethical?

A

American Psychological Association (APA) Code Of Ethics - 1953
Institutional Review Board (IRB) - panel approves research

75
Q

informed consent

A

must inform potential participants about every part of the study that might influence their decision to participate and ensure participation is voluntary

76
Q

assent

A

minor cannot give written consent, so the experimenter must continuously get assent from child to proceed

77
Q

limited deception

A

must only decieve people when it is absolutely essential to study
must tell about deception at the end of the study during debriefing

78
Q

how does protection from harm and discomfort make it ethical?

A

must minimize any discomfort or risk involved in the sutdy and must act to prevent participants from suffering any long term negative consequences
freedom to particpate or withdraw at any time

79
Q

confidentiality

A

must keep personal info about the participants a secret, report results in such a way that personal info is not disclosed

80
Q

debriefing

A

must reveal all relevant info about the research and correction any misimpressions it created
participants must leave the study the way the arrived
IF ANY DECEPTION OCCURS, IT MUST BE DISCLOSED BEFORE PEOPLE LEAVE

81
Q

why are animals used in research

A

because behavior is interesting
because research with animals can give information that would be impossible or unethical to collect from humans

82
Q

who says animal research is ethical

A

APA code of ethics 1953
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

83
Q

What makes animal research ethical

A

ABC of laboratory animal research
Appropriate - nothing cruel and unusual
Beneficial - must benefit human psychological research
Caring - must care for animal’s well being

84
Q

what does PSYCH stand for in ETHICS

A

P - privacy/confidentiality
S - sign informed consent
Y - why, reasoning/debriefing
C - curb deception
H - harmless

85
Q

what should consent forms include

A

reason for study
declaration of potential harm
state voluntary nature of decision
benefits of participation
permission to record

ap psych (4 decks)

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