Unit 2 (100-122)

Question 1

Sensitization

Answer 1

An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

Question 3

Associative
vs.
Non-associative Learning

Answer 3

AL: Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus

NAL: The formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviors.

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes

Question 5

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 5

A method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

Question 6

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 6

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 7

Observational Learning

Answer 7

Learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another organism; also known as social learning or modeling

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

Question 9

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 9

A type of counter-conditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear

Question 10

Latent Inhibition

Answer 10

The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar

Question 11

Aversion Therapy

Answer 11

An application of counter-conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is instead paired with an unpleasant UCS

Question 12

Higher-order Conditioning

Answer 12

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responses

Question 13

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

Answer 13

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors

Question 14

Inhibition

Answer 14

A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

The reduction of a learned response

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behavior

Question 16

Negative Punishment

Answer 16

A method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs

Question 17

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Answer 17

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors

Question 18

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Answer 18

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval is reinforced

Question 19

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Answer 19

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period is reinforced

Question 20

Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction

Answer 20

The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement

Question 21

Method of Successive Approximations

Answer 21

A method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur; also known as shaping

Question 22

Token Economy

Answer 22

An application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors