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AP Biology - Austin > Unit 1B Test > Flashcards

Unit 1B Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis/equilibrium

A

When concentrations are in balance; same on both sides

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area of lower concentration

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3
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

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4
Q

Endocytosis

A

Takes materials into cell

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5
Q

Exocytosis

A

Puts materials out of cell

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6
Q

Contracting vacuole

A

When a cell’s vacuole squeezes out water quickly

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7
Q

What Is a Channel Protein?

A

A channel protein is a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

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8
Q

What is channel protein transport?

A

The process by which molecules pass through a membrane via a channel protein

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9
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

The process by which molecules pass through a membrane via a channel protein

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10
Q

T or F - Facilitated diffusion of materials across cell membrane requires a small amount of energy

A

False

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11
Q

Active transport needs energy. Why?

A

Needs energy because the transport goes against the concentration gradient

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12
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference between the high concentration of particles outside the membrane and the low concentration of the particles inside.

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute and water concentrations are equal on both sides of cellular menbrane.

NO NET GAIN OT LOSS

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

Concentration of solute in solution is lower than inside the cell

NET MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO CELL

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15
Q

Define hypertonic. Where does net movement of water occur?

A

Concentation of solute is highet in solution than inside the cell.

Net movement is out of the cell

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16
Q

What’s the difference between carrier and transport proteins?

A

Carrier - Can have active OR passive transport

Channel - Always passive transport

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17
Q

What is one polar molecule that can squeeze through a cell membrane?

A

water

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18
Q

Give two reasons on why O^2 can easily pass through plasma membrane

A

1) O^2 is nonpolar

2) Is small

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19
Q

T or F - Carbon dioxide is too large to pass through membrane and must use a specific protein

A

False - Like O^2, CO^2 also passively diffuses through the cell membrane w/o cells using any energy

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20
Q

Fluid-mosaic model

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol molecules

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21
Q

Lipid component in cell membrane is called

A

A phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Cholesterol controls…. It is found …

A

Rigidity of membrane

Embedded in phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Glycoprotein and glycolipid

A

Protein with carbohydrate attached

Lipid with carbohydrate attached

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24
Q

What helps your body identify your cells?

A

Glycoproteins

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25
Q

Receptor proteins functions

A

Allow a cell to respond to signals from other cells

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26
Q

Enzymayic proteins

A

Catalyzes specific rxns

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27
Q

Junction proteins

A

Attach adjacent cells so that a tissue can fulfill a function

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28
Q

Where can cell receptor proteins be found?

A

On the plasma membrane or inside the cell

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29
Q

Signal transduction pathway summary

A

1) molecs are signalled, allowing cells to communicate with one another
2) cell receptor proteins bind to specific signaling molecules
3) Cascade of events ovcvur that result in cellular response

30
Q

Net movement of molecs down the concetration gradient is called…

A

Diffusion

31
Q

Why is diffusion important?

A

Allows gas exchange between the lungs, blood, and cells

32
Q

When will osmosis occur?

A

When the concentration gradient created by a solute that cannot diffuse across a membrane

33
Q

How does O^2 go from lungs, to blood, to cells?

A

1) Lungs take in O^2 and have a high concentration of O^2.
2) Blood low in O^2 (deoxygenated) is pumped into lungs and picks up O^2 bc oxygen follows concentration gradient down
3) Oxygen rich blood takes gas to cells, which have a lower concentration of ocygen. Diffusion of O^2 thru cell membrane and is used by cells.

34
Q

When will net movement stop? What happens when equilibrium occur?

A

When two solutions reach same concentration

When solutions (water) are diffusing in both directions at equal rates

35
Q

What’s an aquaporine?

A

Integral membrane protein that only water molecs can travel through

36
Q

In plants, what does a hypotonic solution cause? Define this effect.

A

Turgor pressure, where the central vacuole fills with water and pushes against cell wall

BAD FOR ANIMAL CELLS THEY’LL RUPTURE

37
Q

Lyse

A

Cell rupture due to turgor pressure

38
Q

What typically happens to animal cells in a hypertonic solution? What happens in plant cells? What is this called?

A

Cells will shrink, killing them.

In plants, the cell membrane shrinks but the cell eall keep it in shape

Plasmolysis

39
Q

What is water potential? What is it measured in?

A

Measurement of the anount of free energy founf in a mole of water. Measured in bars.

40
Q

Free energy

A

Amount of energy to do work

41
Q

If water potential is low…

A

Water molecules will stay put

42
Q

If water potential is high, water molecules…

A

When given the given opportunity, water will move elsewhere

43
Q

What is the formula for water potential?

A

Pressure potential + Solute pite tial

44
Q

When a solute is added to water to make a solution, water potential ______ and becomes _______.

A

Decreases, becomes negative

45
Q

What does pressure potential measure?

A

How much pressure is exerted by the cell wall (due to turgidity)

46
Q

The higher the pressure potential, the more ________ the plant cell is.

A

Turgid

47
Q

How does facilitated transport work?

A

Utilizes membrane proteins to allow for the movement of molecules that cannont pass directly through membrane lipids

48
Q

T or F - Facilitated transport goes against concentration gradient and requires nrg

A

False - Moves high to low concentrayion; no nrg req

49
Q

What are the two main tupes of membrane proteins that perform facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and carrier proteins

50
Q

How do carrier proteins function?

A

Specific solutes bond to protein, changing the protein’s shape.

The change of shape resilts in telease of solute to othet side of membrane

51
Q

What are two molecules that need to use carrier proteins?

A

Glucose

Amino acids

52
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules against concentration gradient.

Requires nrg

53
Q

What are examples of active transport?

A

Movement from low to high concentration or made by certain carrier proteins

Ex) Sodium-potassium pump

54
Q

Sodium-potassium pump - hoe does it work?

A

In neurons, the Na-K pump will use ATP to move NA into cell against concentration gradient.

Binding and undbiding of phosphate from an ATP molecule changes shape of protein

55
Q

What is a cotransporter? What is an example?

A

A membrane protein yhat actively transports solute against concentration gradient bu using the concentration gradieny of another solute, instead of DIRECTLY using ATP.

Ex) Sucrose-H+ cotransporter

56
Q

How are large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids able to pass in or out of cell?

A

Via bulk transport using vecicles

57
Q

T or F - Forming membrane vesicles requiete energy

A

True

58
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to secrete its contents out of cell

59
Q

What organelle profuces vesicles?

A

Golgi body

60
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Cells take in substances by forming vesicles around a material

61
Q

How are intracellular vesicles formed?

A

Formed as the plasma membrane envagnayes to envelop the substances and pinches it off.

62
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

1) Phagocytosis
2) Pinocytosis
3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis

63
Q

Phagocytosis description amd example

A

Large, solid matetial is talem in by endocytosis (cell eating)

Ex) human white blood cells can engulf debtis or viruses

64
Q

Pinocytosis description

A

Vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles (cell drinking)

65
Q

Receptor-mediatef endocytosis description

A

Form of endocytosis that is specific to a certain type of molecule

66
Q

What are two of the specific molecules that bind to a group of receptor proteins embedded in tje cell membrane? What does it initiate?

A

1) Vitamins or hornones

2) initiates the endocytosis of boud substances

67
Q

What is one example of active transport used by our cells? Describe.

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Neurons move Na and K ions against their concentration gradient when firing a neurotransmitter.

68
Q

Phosphorelation

A

When ATP binds to a protein and the protein is given the extra P in ATP. This is how it uses the ATP

69
Q

Cotransporter

A

Membrane protein that actively transports a solute against concentration gradient by using another molecule’s concentration gradient or another solute.

Does not directly use ATP

70
Q

What is one form of active transport that doesn’t use ATP directly?

A

Contrasportation

71
Q

Formula for finding surface area to volume ratio

A

SA/V

AP Biology - Austin (6 decks)

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