Unit 1B study guide Flashcards
Unitary System v. Confederate System v. Federal System
In a federal system, a national government and the state governments share power. In a unitary system, all power lies with the national government. In a confederate system, the vast majority of power rests with the states
Enumerated Powers
Explicitly named and given to part of the federal gov’t in the constitution. Ex. The power to regulate trade between the states
Implied Powers
Not named in the constitution, but taken on in order to fulfill an enumerated power. Must be related to an enumerated power. Ex. Power to make a national bank
Concurrent Powers
Shared by the levels of gov’t. Ex. The power to tax
Reserved Powers
Reserved for the states under the 10th Amendment. Ex. Public education
Constitutional sources of federal & state powers
Constitution says relatively little on what the states can do. Article I, Sect. 4 → lets states choose the “time, place, & manner” of their congressional elections
Dual Federalism
Clear separation of powers between federal and state governments. Programs and authority are clearly divided among the national, state and local gov
Cooperative Federalism
Federal government supports the states to address their reserved powers; Infrastructure, job welfare, education. Programs and authority are mixed among the national, state and local gov
Centralized Federalism
Associated with LBJ. More strings or requirements attached to federal funding. Ex. If you want the money, you gotta do this with it. States begin to lose control of previously reserved powers
“New Federalism”
Devolution, Starts w, nixon but associated mainly with reagan. Ex. Consolidating and cutting federal welfare programs and giving states more control over how to spend money.
Fiscal Federalism
The federal government’s use of grants to influence policies in states.
Categorical Grants
Money to states or local/regional governments for specific policy objectives with certain conditions. Ex. of conditions: State has to match funds, Instructions on how to use the $, Formals based on population, income, needs, etc.
Preferred by national government. Most commonly used. States don’t have to accept, but if/when they do they are often dependent on continuing
Block Grants
National funding with minimal restrictions to the states on its use and is preferred by the states- more flexibility. Ex. of block grants: National Minimum Drinking Age Act,
Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Energy. Preferred by the states
Mandate
NOT A GRANT. Requirements by the national government of the states.
Unfunded Mandates
Federal requirement that states must follow without being provided with funding. Ex. Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 - states must make existing public buildings accessible
Devolution
Returns authority for federal programs to the states. States have more control
Revenue sharing
a performance based income model that involved sharing business profits or losses among participating partners
Federalist 45
Written by James Madison. Focused on the balance of power between the federal and state governments. Argues that the new constitution does not pose a threat to state authority. States the fed gov should only focus on the major world problems
Federalist 10
Written by James Madison. Argues that a large republic can better control factions and protect minority rights than smaller governments.
Advantages and disadvantages of federalism
It allows for policy innovation and diverse representation but can lead to economic disparities and inconsistent regulations across states
Brutus No. 1
argues against the ratification of the constitution. It says that a large centralized gov would be too powerful and sistant from the people
13th amendment
ended slavery
14th amendment
Everyone born in the us is a citizen. Equal protection clause, due process clause
15th amendment
right to vote
