unit 16 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

population

A

total number of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

community

A

populations of all of the different species that live in the same habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biotic

A

living parts of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

abiotic

A

non living parts of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ecosystem

A

abiotic and biotic parts of an environment and how they interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do plants need

A

light, space, water and mineral ions from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do animals need

A

space, territory, food, water and mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

interdependence

A

all of the diff species in a community depend on eachother for food,shelter, pollination and if one species is removed it can affect the whole community e.g animals depend of other living organisms for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stable community

A

populations of the different species remain fairly constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

abiotic factors( non living factors that can affect a community)

A

-light intensity
-temperature
-moisture levels
-soil PH and mineral content
-wind intensity and direction
-co2 levels for plants
-oxygen levels for aquatic animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

biotic factors(living factors which can affect a community)

A
  • availability of food
    -new predators arriving
    -new pathogens
    -one species outcompeting another so the numbers and no longer sufficient to breed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

adaptations and types

A

features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live
types:
-functional
-structural
-behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that live in environments that are very extreme. e.g high temps, pressure, salt concentration. (bacteria living in deep sea vents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how can feeding relationships within a community be represented?

A

by food chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do producers do in food chains

A

synthesize molecules. (green plant/algae making glucose by photosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why are a range of experimental methods using transects and quadrats used by ecologists?

A

to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens in a stable community?

A

the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why are all materials in the living world recycled?

A

to provide the building blocks for future organisms

18
Q

what happens in the carbon culce

A

carbon is returned from organisms to the atmosphere as co2 to be used to by plants in photosynthesis

19
Q

what happens in the water cycle?

A

fresh water is provided for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated.

20
Q

what factors affect the rate of decay of biological material

A
  • temp
    -water availability
    -oxygen
21
Q

why do farmers/ gardens provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material?

A

they want the compost that is produced bc can be used as a natural fertilizer for growing garden plants or crops

22
Q

what type of decay produces methane gas?

A

anaerobic decay

23
Q

Biogas generators can be used to produce … as a fuel

A

methane gas

24
Q

what environmental changes affect distribution of species in an ecosystem?

A

-temp
-availability of water
-composition of atmospheric gases

25
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of all the different species of organisms on Earth of within an ecosystem

26
Q

what does a great biodiversity ensure?

A

the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species in another for food,shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.

27
Q

what does the future of the human species on Earth rely on?

A

us maintaining a good level of biodiversity. many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently measure have been taken to stop reduction.

28
Q

what does rapid growth in the human population and increase in standard living mean?

A

more resources used and more waste produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.

29
Q

different ways pollution can occur

A

-in water, from sewage, fertilizer or toxic chemicals
-in air, from smoke and acidic gases
-on land, from landfill and toxic chemicals

30
Q

how does pollution reduce biodiversity

A

it kills plants and animals

31
Q

how do humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants

A

building
quarrying
farming
dumping waste

32
Q

what has large-scale deforestation in tropical areas occurred to?

A
  • provide land for cattle and rice fields
    -grow crops for biofuels
33
Q

global warming

A

levels of co2 and methane in atmosphere are increasing contributing to it

34
Q

how humans can reduce the negative effects on evosystems

A
  • breeding programs for endangered species
  • protection and regeneration of rare habitats
    -reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers only grow one type of crop
  • reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments
    -recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill
35
Q

trophies levels

A

level 1: plants and algae make their own food and are called producers
level 2: herbivores eat plants/algae and called primary consumers
level 3: carnivores that eat other carnivores afe tertiary consumers

36
Q

apex predators

A

carnivores with no predators

37
Q

what do decomposers do?

A

break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment. Small soluble food molecules then diffuse into the microorganism

38
Q

transfer of biomass

A

plants/ algae transfer 1% if incident energy from light for photosynthesis

10% of the biomass from each tropic level transferred to level above.

39
Q

what is loss of biomass due to?

A
  • not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces
  • some absorbed materials is lost as waste. e.g co2 and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
40
Q

biological factors threatening food security

A

-the increasing birth rate has threatened food security in some countries.
-changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world.
-new pests and pathogens that affect farming
- environmental changes that affect food production e.g widespread famine occurring in some counties if rains fail.
-the cost of agricultural inputs
-conflicts risen affect food/ water availability.

41
Q

how can efficiency of food production be improved?

A

restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
-limiting their movement
-controlling temp of their surroundings
-some fed high protein doods

42
Q
A