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biology > unit 16 > Flashcards

unit 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

population

A

total number of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area

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1
Q

community

A

populations of all of the different species that live in the same habitat

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2
Q

biotic

A

living parts of environment

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non living parts of environment

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

abiotic and biotic parts of an environment and how they interact

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5
Q

what do plants need

A

light, space, water and mineral ions from the soil

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6
Q

what do animals need

A

space, territory, food, water and mates

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7
Q

interdependence

A

all of the diff species in a community depend on eachother for food,shelter, pollination and if one species is removed it can affect the whole community e.g animals depend of other living organisms for food

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8
Q

stable community

A

populations of the different species remain fairly constant

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9
Q

abiotic factors( non living factors that can affect a community)

A

-light intensity
-temperature
-moisture levels
-soil PH and mineral content
-wind intensity and direction
-co2 levels for plants
-oxygen levels for aquatic animals

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10
Q

biotic factors(living factors which can affect a community)

A
  • availability of food
    -new predators arriving
    -new pathogens
    -one species outcompeting another so the numbers and no longer sufficient to breed
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11
Q

adaptations and types

A

features that enable organisms to survive in the conditions in which they normally live
types:
-functional
-structural
-behavioral

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12
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that live in environments that are very extreme. e.g high temps, pressure, salt concentration. (bacteria living in deep sea vents)

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13
Q

how can feeding relationships within a community be represented?

A

by food chains

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14
Q

what do producers do in food chains

A

synthesize molecules. (green plant/algae making glucose by photosynthesis)

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15
Q

why are a range of experimental methods using transects and quadrats used by ecologists?

A

to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem

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16
Q

what happens in a stable community?

A

the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in cycles

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17
Q

why are all materials in the living world recycled?

A

to provide the building blocks for future organisms

18
Q

what happens in the carbon culce

A

carbon is returned from organisms to the atmosphere as co2 to be used to by plants in photosynthesis

19
Q

what happens in the water cycle?

A

fresh water is provided for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated.

20
Q

what factors affect the rate of decay of biological material

A
  • temp
    -water availability
    -oxygen
21
Q

why do farmers/ gardens provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of waste biological material?

A

they want the compost that is produced bc can be used as a natural fertilizer for growing garden plants or crops

22
Q

what type of decay produces methane gas?

A

anaerobic decay

23
Q

Biogas generators can be used to produce … as a fuel

A

methane gas

24
Q

what environmental changes affect distribution of species in an ecosystem?

A

-temp
-availability of water
-composition of atmospheric gases

25
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of all the different species of organisms on Earth of within an ecosystem

26
Q

what does a great biodiversity ensure?

A

the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species in another for food,shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment.

27
Q

what does the future of the human species on Earth rely on?

A

us maintaining a good level of biodiversity. many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently measure have been taken to stop reduction.

28
Q

what does rapid growth in the human population and increase in standard living mean?

A

more resources used and more waste produced. Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused.

29
Q

different ways pollution can occur

A

-in water, from sewage, fertilizer or toxic chemicals
-in air, from smoke and acidic gases
-on land, from landfill and toxic chemicals

30
Q

how does pollution reduce biodiversity

A

it kills plants and animals

31
Q

how do humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants

A

building
quarrying
farming
dumping waste

32
Q

what has large-scale deforestation in tropical areas occurred to?

A
  • provide land for cattle and rice fields
    -grow crops for biofuels
33
Q

global warming

A

levels of co2 and methane in atmosphere are increasing contributing to it

34
Q

how humans can reduce the negative effects on evosystems

A
  • breeding programs for endangered species
  • protection and regeneration of rare habitats
    -reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers only grow one type of crop
  • reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments
    -recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill
35
Q

trophies levels

A

level 1: plants and algae make their own food and are called producers
level 2: herbivores eat plants/algae and called primary consumers
level 3: carnivores that eat other carnivores afe tertiary consumers

36
Q

apex predators

A

carnivores with no predators

37
Q

what do decomposers do?

A

break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into the environment. Small soluble food molecules then diffuse into the microorganism

38
Q

transfer of biomass

A

plants/ algae transfer 1% if incident energy from light for photosynthesis

10% of the biomass from each tropic level transferred to level above.

39
Q

what is loss of biomass due to?

A
  • not all the ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces
  • some absorbed materials is lost as waste. e.g co2 and water in respiration and water and urea in urine.
40
Q

biological factors threatening food security

A

-the increasing birth rate has threatened food security in some countries.
-changing diets in developed countries means scarce food resources are transported around the world.
-new pests and pathogens that affect farming
- environmental changes that affect food production e.g widespread famine occurring in some counties if rains fail.
-the cost of agricultural inputs
-conflicts risen affect food/ water availability.

41
Q

how can efficiency of food production be improved?

A

restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment.
-limiting their movement
-controlling temp of their surroundings
-some fed high protein doods

42
Q
A

biology (8 decks)

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