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biology > bio 13.1-13.5 > Flashcards

bio 13.1-13.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

where genetic info from two organisms, a father and a mother is combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent.

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2
Q

how many chromosomes does a gamete have?

A

23 (half the amount of normal human cells)

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3
Q

what happens in fertilization?

A

The egg from the mother and sperm from the father fuse together to from a cell with the full number of chromosomes.(half from each parent)

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4
Q

what does the offspring of sexual reproduction contain?

A

a mixture of their parents genes and inherited features

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5
Q

what does the mixture of genetic material produce?

A

variation

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6
Q

what are the gametes of flowering plants?

A

egg cells and instead of sperm they have pollen

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7
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

When there’s only one parent so the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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8
Q

What process do mothers and fathers use to produce gametes?

A

meiosis

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9
Q

what process does asexual reproduction happen through?

A

mitosis, an ordinary cell makes a new one by dividing into 2.

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10
Q

What does the ordinary cell in asexual reproduction form?

A

a new cell with exactly the same genetic information as the parent. (a clone)

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11
Q

process of meiosis making gametes

A

-copies of the genetic info are made
- cell divides twice to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes
-all gametes genetically different from eachother.

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12
Q

what happens after two games are fused during fertilization?

A

-The resulting new cell divides by mitosis.
- mitosis repeats many times to produce so number of cells increases
-As the embryo develops cells differentiate.

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13
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages
- produces variation in offspring
- if environment changes, variation gives survival advantage by natural selection.
-Natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.

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14
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantages:
- only one parent needed
- more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate.
-faster than sexual reproduction
-many identical offspring can be produced when have favorable conditions.

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15
Q

what does mitosis form?

A

Identical cells

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16
Q

what does meiosis form?

A

non-identical cells

17
Q

how are gametes formed?

A

cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis

18
Q

What organisms reproduce by both methods?

A

-Malarial parasites reproduce asexually in human host but sexually in the mosquito.
- Many fungi reproduce asexually by spores but reproduce sexually to give variation.
-Many plants produce seeds sexually, but also reproduce asexually by runners such as strawberry plants, or bulb division such as daffodils.

19
Q

Where is the genetic material in a cell?

A

-The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is composed of a chemical called DNA.

20
Q

what is DNA?

A

A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.

21
Q

What structures is the DNA contained in?

A

chromosomes

22
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.

23
Q

What is a genome?

A

the entire genetic material of an organism.(The human genome has been studied and will help with medicine in the future)

24
Q

Why is understanding the human genome important?

A
  • search for genes linked to different types of diseases.
  • understanding and treatment of inherited disorders.
  • can use in tracing human migration patterns from the past
25
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

repeating nucleotide units.

26
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The combination of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four different bases attached to the sugar.

27
Q

What are the 4 bases DNA contains?

A

(C,G) and (A,T)

28
Q

What does the sequence of 3 bases show?

A

The code for a particular amino acid, the order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to from a particular amino acid.

29
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

making protein

30
Q

what happens in protein synthesis?

A

Proteins are synthesized(made) on ribosomes. according to a template. Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order.

31
Q

what happens when the protein chain is complete?

A

It folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body like collagen.

32
Q

How can a change in the DNA structure may change the protein synthesized by a gene?

A

A change of order in the DNA bases will alter template made. A different template may result in a different sequence of amino acids joining together. This will form a different protein.

biology (8 decks)

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