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biology > Bio unit 3 > Flashcards

Bio unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens?

A

pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

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2
Q

examples of pathogens

A

viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi

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3
Q

3 ways pathogens infect plans or animals

A

direct contact, by water or air

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4
Q

Why can bacteria make you feel sick?

A

they can produce poisons/toxins that damage tissues.

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5
Q

what are protists?

A

single celled eukaryotes. e.g parasites

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6
Q

Which types of pathogens can reproduce rapidly inside the body?

A

bacteria and viruses

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7
Q

How can viruses affect us?

A

they can live and reproduce inside cells which causes cell damage.

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of viral diseases?

A

-measles
- HIV
- Tobacco mosaic virus

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9
Q

-What are the symptoms of measles and how serious is this disease?
- How are children protected from it?
-How does it spread?

A
  • fever and a red skin rash, could be fatal if complications arise.
  • Young children are vaccinated against it.
  • spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
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10
Q

HIV

A
  • flu-like illness
  • unless controlled with antiretrovial drugs, virus attacks the body’s immune cells
  • Late stage HIV or AIDS happens when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged that it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
    -spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids like blood.
  • can happen when drug users share needles.
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11
Q

Tobacco Mosaic virus

A
  • widespread plant pathogen that affects many species of plants like tomatoes.
  • Gives distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of decoloration on the leaves.
  • affects growth of plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
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12
Q

What are the two types of bacterial diseases?

A
  • salmonella
  • gonorrhoea
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13
Q

Salmonella

A
  • food poisoning spread by bacteria ingested in or on food prepared in unhygenic conditions.
    -vaccination can control spread.
  • symptoms are fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrohea.
  • caused by bacteria and toxins they secrete.
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14
Q

gonorrhoea

A
  • sexually transmitted disease
  • symptoms are thick yellow or green discharge from vagina and penis, pain on urinating.
  • spread can be controlled with antibiotics or use of barrier method of contraception. e.g condom
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15
Q

what is a fungal disease?

A

-rose black spot
- purple or black spots develop on leaves that often turn yellow and drop early.
-affects growth of plant bc photosynthesis is reduced.
- spread in the environment by water or wind.
- can be treated using fungicides or removing infected leaves.

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16
Q

what is a protist?

A

pathogens that cause malaria

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17
Q

malaria

A
  • the malarial protists has a life cycle that includes the mosquito.
  • causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
  • spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
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18
Q

defence systems of human body against pathogens

A

skin- acts as a barrier and stops pathogens from entering the body, if scab heals itself
nose- Cells in the nose produce mucus. This traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs. When the nose is blown, mucus is removed and any pathogens are trapped within it.
- trachea and bronchi have hairs called cilia. The ciliated cells waft their hairs and move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into your stomach.
-stomach- contains HCL that kills bacteria in foods and drinks.

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19
Q

what does the immune system do if a pathogen enters the body?

A

tries to destroy pathogen.

20
Q

how do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytosis, white blood cells engluf foreign cells and digest them.
  • Antibody production,
  • every invading pathogen has unique molecules (called antigens) on their surface.
  • when some type of wbc come across new antigen produce proteins called antibodies.
  • antibodies lock onto invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other wbc.
  • antibodies produced rapidly, carried around body to find simliar bacteria, viruses.
  • if person infected by same pthaogen again wbc produce antibodies fast. (the persoin is immune and wont get sick)

-Antitoxin production, neutralise toxins produced by invading bacteria.

21
Q

how can spread of diseases be prevented?

A
  • being hygienic
    -destroying vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccination
22
Q

vaccination

A
  • introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogens into body to stimulate wbc to produce antibodies.
  • If same pathogen re-enters the body the wbc respond quick to produce correct antibodies, preventing infection.
  • epidemic can be prevented if a large percentage of population is vaccinated
23
Q

antibiotics, example

A

e.g penicillin
- medicines that help to cure bacteria by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
- important that specific bacteria treated by specific antibiotics.
- these have greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
- strains resistant to antibiotics is a great concern.
- cant kill viral pathogens.

24
Q

painkillers

A

-used to treat symptoms of disease but no not kill pathogens
-difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.

25
Q

where do many drugs originate from?

A

plants and microorganisms

26
Q

whaere did digitalis the heart drug come from?

A

foxgloves

27
Q

where does the painkiller aspirin come from?

A

willow

28
Q

who and how was penicillin discovered?

A

-Discovered by alexander fleming
- when clearing out petri dishes containing bacteria, he noticed one had mould and area around mould did’t have bacteria.
- he found that mould on the petri dish was producing a substance that killed the bacteria, penecillin.

29
Q

What needs to happen to new drugs?

A

They have to be tested and trialled before being used to check they are safe and effective

30
Q

what 3 things are new drugs tested for?

A
  • toxicity
  • efficacy
  • dose
31
Q

preclinical testing

A

done in laboratory using
- cells
- tissues
- live animals

32
Q

clinical testing

A
  • uses healthy volunteers and patients
  • very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
  • If drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
  • in double blind trials, some patients are given a placeobo
33
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A
  • produced from a single clone of cells.
  • The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
34
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
  • lymphocytes are combined with a partciular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called the hybridoma cell.
  • The hybridoma cell can divide and make the antibody.
  • single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
  • a large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
35
Q

ways monoclonal antibodies can be used:

A
  • for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests
  • in labs to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens.
  • to treat some diseases, like in cancer th monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. Delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
36
Q

disadvantage of monoclonal anti

A

create more side effectrs than expected. Not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they first were developed.

37
Q

how can plant disease be detected?

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
  • presence of pests
38
Q

identification of plant disease can be made by:

A
  • reference to a gardening website
  • taking infected to lab to identify pathogen
  • using testing kits that contain monoclonal anti
39
Q

Why do plants suffer defficiencies?

A

if not get mineral ions from soil

40
Q

nitrate deficiency

A

Nitrates are needed to make proteins, for growth. A lack of nitrate causes stunted growth.

41
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll, which needed to trap light for photosynthesis. Plants without mag suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves.

42
Q

what ways can a plant be infected:

A

viral,bacterial,fungal pathogens and insects like aphids

43
Q

Plant physical defence responses

A
  • tough waxy cuticle on leaves, acts as barrier.
  • cellulose cell walls, other barrier for pathogens that make past waxy cuticle.
  • layers of dead cells around stem, like outer bark on trees which fall off and act as barrier.
44
Q

chemical plant defences

A
  • antibacterial chemicals, kill bacteria
  • poisons to deter herbivors
45
Q

mechanical adaptations

A
  • thorns and hairs deter animals
  • leaves which droop or curl when touched, prevent from being eaten or knock off insects
  • mimicry to trick animals to not eat them

biology (8 decks)

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