Unit 15- Stress and Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards

Question

Factors that cause stress

Answer 1

There are several factors that may bring about stress in the lives of an individual such as-: poverty, unemployment, financial issues and/or bankruptcy, marital and relationship issues, substance abuse, death and the list goes on, in fact any emotion or physical event that triggers a change in an individual’s equilibrium causes some kind of stress.

Answer 2

(1) we fight the stressors or (2) we run away from our stressors, this is known as the fight-or-flight response, a phrase coined by Walter Cannon.

Answer 3

is operated by our autonomous nervous system which is in turn operated by our hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then sends signals to our adrenal glands producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which is then released into our bloodstream. As these hormones are released into our bloodstream certain physical reactions occur with our bodies, for instance; our heart rate is increased, our blood pressure is increased and our metabolism is sped up, breathing becomes harder and faster, digestion stops and perspiration increases, all of which is known as our stress response, to the event.

Answer 4

The effects of stress are also multi-dimensional, in that an individual experiencing a stressful situation can develop health problems (both physical and mental), family life can be affected, it can affect one’s self esteem and self confidence, it can affect one’s relationships with co-workers, peers, friends, intimate partners and family members, it can affect one’s autonomy and their ability to co-exist in their environment, their perception about things and also the individual’s inner peace and harmony.

Answer 5

Physical symptom-vomiting, Fatigue, Headaches Backaches, Muscle tension ,Heart palpitation’ High blood pressure, Indigestion, Ulcers Difficulty sleeping, Low immunity to colds 2. Emotional symptoms-hostility, restlessness, depression, Anxiety, Fear, Nervousness, Tiredness, Anger, Frustration, 3. Cognitive symptoms - preoccupation, forgetfulness, errors in judging, disorganised thoughts, attention deficit, Loss of sense of humour, Low self-esteem, Confusion Unwanted or repetitive thoughts, Lack of motivation 4. Behavioural symptoms- nervous laughter, impatience with dealing with people, aggressiveness, increased smoking, doing things out of the ordinary, Mood swings, defensiveness Nervous habits (nail biting, feet or finger tapping) Change in appetite, Loss of libido ,Increase alcohol consumption

Answer 6

Heart Failure: this condition stems from stress hormones reaching up to levels of 30 times the normal level causing toxin levels to overwhelm the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body, thus decreasing the oxygen supply throughout the body, eventually resulting in shock or heart failure.Cancer: this is linked indirectly to stress because of the effects of negative behavioural patterns of the individual like over-eating , smoking or alcohol abuse which increases a person’s risk of being diagnosed with cancer.

Answer 7

Distress: this is severe stress and almost all of the times are harmful to the individual and only produces negative effects such as health issues, physical and/or physiological e.g. the stress of traffic everyday to work or having to work under a stressful boss. Eustress: this is short-term stress where there is relief in the foreseeable future and it is normally used as a motivation for optimal performance, e.g. stress associated with studying for exams. Hyper-stress: this is an insurmountable amount of stress pushing the individual to their emotional limit thereby resulting in an emotional break-down e.g. prolonged abuse or living with an abusive partner for a number of years. Hypo-stress: this is when an individual is experiencing a lack of stress and it is normally associated with boredom and restlessness e.g. housewives are assumed to have no stressful situations and tends to become bored.

Answer 8

1) Emotion Focus Coping 2) Problem Focus Coping

Answer 9

1) HARDINESS A person variable or characteristic is based on the idea of control that may explain individual differences and vulnerability to stress. It can also be described as the characteristic ways people interpret potentially stressful events. Higher levels of hardiness protect people from experiencing some of the adverse consequences of stress. Hardy people develop fewer physical complaints under highly stressful conditions. It consists of three sets of cognitive styles. 1. Commitment - the tendency to find meaning and purpose in potentially stressful events 2. Control - the tendency to believe that one is capable of managing the response to the stressful event 3. Challenge the tendency to see potentially threatening events as opportunity for

Answer 10

(2) SOCIAL SUPPORT A mutual network of caring; there are various types: 1. Emotional Support - trust, concern, listening 2. Appraisal Support - affiliation of feedback 3. Informational Support - advise, suggestion, directiveness/directives 4. Instrumental Support - money, labour, time Social support enables individuals to meet their goals and to deal with the demands of the environment. It's taught to buffer feelings eg. Psychological distress and feeling of depression and facilitate coping by modifying the effects of stressors on mental health.

Answer 11

(1) Defense oriented coping strategies/emotion focused, the use of personal defense mechanism like blocking out the stressful event altogether, hiding the stressful events deep into the subconscious or, a distortion of the true version of the events so that the situation becomes tolerable and easier to live with on a daily basis, or sometimes ignoring/pretending the stressful event does not exist/did not occur, e.g. a young girl who was raped may push that event deep down into her sub-conscious mind to avoid remembering or reliving such a traumatic and painful incident; and (2) Task oriented/problem focused coping strategies, the use of external assistance like therapy, counseling, stress management seminars or even visiting a psychiatrist for support e.g. victims of abuse, rape or any form of violence are recommended to seek some kind of professional therapy to help with the healing process.

Answer 12

Adding to this, applied psychologists Schier & Carver (1985) claimed that individuals who maintain a positive outlook and attitude about their life experiences whether in the form of good stress or bad stress tend to have reduced levels of physical symptoms

Answer 13

Another psychologist Rodin (1986) also corroborated this by claiming that individuals who exhibit high levels of self-control and self-esteem are more relaxed and live healthier lives or what is called having a Type B (self-healing) Personality, as opposed to individuals who focus their energies on the negative aspects of their lives. As these individuals focus on negativity or what is called having a Type A (disease-prone) Personality, automatically fall into a state of learned helplessness - this is where individuals condition themselves to be helpless and powerless choosing inaction, constantly making excuses for their state of despair and generally convincing themselves that they cannot rise above their situation, thus having the stressful situation overcome their lives.

Answer 14

1) Always have a support network: as an individual we all must have another source to align ourselves with. We need support in a variety of ways emotional support (a network of family members, friends or acquaintances is extremely essential to one's mental stability, more often than not people need to talk about their issues and like the old saying, "laughter is the best medicine" and individual need to laugh at least once per day, even if it is at themselves), instrumental support or support with things like money, shelter, time etc. (these two are important in everyday lives and especially important to individuals in stressful situations), informational support or advice and suggestions from others and finally appraisal support or affiliation of feedback. (2) An individual must develop a positive perspective about themselves and their life, always view new situations and events as challenges and use them as opportunities to overcome and grow into a better human being. (3) Individuals must also be able capable enough to control their stressful situations, only after taking control and managing the stressful situations can the decision-making process begin. (4) Having a strong will or hardiness helps in stressful situations, as these characteristics make the individual able to face their stressful situations head-on with less physical manifestations of stress.

Answer 15

In fact, the simple realization that you can be in control of your life is the foundation of stress management. Managing stress is all about taking charge – of your thoughts, emotions, schedule and the way you deal with problems.

Answer 16

External and internal

Answer 17

Getting diagnosed with a serious illness Moving Failing a test Having a baby Sleeping through the alarm clock Losing a job Being in an automobile accident Being late to class Having a fight with your significant other

Answer 18

Physical changes that occur in the body- - Illness - Injury - Being in poor physical condition - Worrying excessively - Thinking negatively - Decision making - Setting unrealistic expectation for oneself

Answer 19

Environmental Stressors – (noise, pollution, traffic, crowding and the weather) - Physiological Stressors – (illness, menopause, injury, hormonal fluctuations, and inadequate sleep and nutrition) - Cognitive Stressors/Your Thoughts – (the way you think affect you respond. Negative self-talk, catastrophising and professionalism are contributors to stress - Social Stressors – (financial problem, work demands, family demands, social events, job interviews, examination, losing a loved one

Answer 20

- Muscle tension - Increase in blood pressure - Increase in heart rate - Cold and/or clammy feet or hands - Sweating - Queasy stomach - Rapid and shallow breathing - Feeling Fidgety

Answer 21

It is important to be aware of when and where you are feeling stressed, to recognize the symptoms and then to recognize the ‘triggers’ of our stress. Increasing our awareness of our symptoms and triggers enables us to develop the skills to deal with stress in our lives and implement changes that will enable us to move through stressful situations with a sense of calmness and control.

Answer 22

It gives the opportunity to explore the underlying causes of stress and anxiety It can help examine your thoughts, feelings and behaviours that contribute to stress You can gain self-understanding and insight, including identifying stress triggers It offers tailor-made coping strategies for managing stressful situations It improves your ability to handle stress and moderate the way you react to them You can learn techniques and tools that are effective in your long-term run

Answer 23

- Find out what id causing stress in your life - Look for ways to reduce the amount of stress in your life - Learn healthy ways to reduce stress or the harmful effects of it

Answer 24

Sometimes it is clear where stress is coming from. You can count on stress during a major life change such as the death of a loved one, getting married or having a baby. But other times it may not be so clear where the stress is coming from. It is important to figure out what causes stress for you. Everyone feels and responds to stress differently. Journaling when stressed may be an effective a technique for some. Keeping a stress journal may help you find what is causing your stress and how stress you feel. Then you can take steps to reduce the stress or handle it better.

Answer 25

Smoking Using pills or drugs to relax - Consuming too much alcohol - Sleeping too much - Over-eating or under-eating - Procrastinating - Zoning out of hours in front of the TV or computer - Continually avoiding problems - Withdrawing for friends, families and activities - Taking out your stress on others - Acting out behaviour (including aggression) - Quitting jobs, relationships etc. - Excessive worrying - Denying that a problem exists

Answer 26

it is helpful to think of the four A’s – alter-. Figure out what you can do to change things so the problem doesn’t present itself in the future. by compromising, managing time , communicating instead of bottling up feelings and being more assertive , avoid, adapt-If you can’t change the stressor, change yourself. You can’t adapt to the stressful situations and regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and attitudes by looking at the big picture, reframing problems and adjusting standards and attitude. or accept by looking on the positive side, learning to forgive, try not to control the uncontrollable and share your feelings, adopt a healthy lifestyle by cutting out sugar and coffee, avoiding alcohol, getting sleep

Answer 27

- Organise yourself. Take better control of the way you’re spending your time and energy so you can handle stress more effectively. - Control your environment by controlling who and what is surrounding you. In this way, you can either get rid of stress or get support for yourself. - Love yourself by giving yourself positive feedback. Remember, you are a unique individual who is doing the best you can. - Reward yourself by planning leisure activities into your life. It really helps to have something to look forward to. - Exercise you body since your health and productivity depends on you body’s ability to bring oxygen and food to its cells. Therefore, exercise your heart and lungs regularly. A minimum of 3 times a week for 15 – 30 minutes. This include things such as swimming, running, walking, jogging, cycling aerobics etc.

Answer 28

1. Have an optimistic view of the world. Believe that most people are doing are doing the best they can. 2. Get up 15 minutes earlier in the morning. The inevitable morning mishaps will be less stressful. 3. Prepare for the morning the evening before, set the breakfast table, make lunches, put out clothes you plan to wear. 4. Don’t rely on your memory. Write down appointment times, when to pick up the laundry, when library books are due, etc. 5. Do nothing which, after being done, leads you to lie. 6. Make duplicates of all keys. Bury a house key in a secret spot in the garden and carry a duplicate car key in your wallet, apart from your key ring 7. Practice preventative maintenance. Your car, appliances, home, and relationships will be less likely to break down/fall part ‘at the worse possible moment.’

Answer 29

▸ A clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern. ▸ Associated with distress or disability. ▸ Not simply a predictable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event. ▸ Considered to reflect behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. ▸ Culture affects the definition of abnormality.

Answer 30

▸ Axis I - Particular clinical syndromes ▸ Axis II - Personality disorders and mental Retardation ▸ Axis III - General medical conditions ▸ Axis IV - Psychosocial/environmental problems ▸ Axis V - Global assessment of functioning

Answer 31

Comorbidity-existence of two or more disorders ▸ Acute- describes a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms › Chronic-describes a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often of progressing seriousness ▸ Mild/Moderate/Severe- describes a disorder of a low order of severity, intermediate order of severity, and a high degree of seriousness. Episodic Disorder- describes a disorder that tends to abate and to recur ▸ Recurrent-describes a disorder pattern that tends to come and go.

Answer 32

Etiology - the causes and progress of a disease or disorder. Epidemiology- the study of the incidence and distribution of specific diseases and disorders. The epidemiologist also seeks to establish relationships to such factors as heredity, environment, nutrition, or age at onset. Results of epidemiological studies are intended to find clues and associations rather than necessarily to show causal relationships. Clinical Diagnosis The process of identifying and determining the nature of a disorder through the study of the symptom pattern, review of medical and other records, investigation of background factors, and, where indicated, administration of psychological tests. Comorbidity- the simultaneous presence in an individual of more than one illness, disease, or disorder. Affect - any experience of feeling or emotion, ranging from suffering to elation, from the simplest to the most complex sensations of feeling, and from the most normal to the most pathological emotional reactions. Often described in terms of positive affect or negative affect, both mood and emotion are considered affective states. Along with cognition and conation, affect is one of the three traditionally identified components of the mind.

Answer 33

Abnormal behavior often attributed to possession "Good" or "Bad" possession depended on the person's symptoms * Treatment Trephining allowed the evil spirit to escape the head Exorcisms used to cast demons out of the body

Answer 34

> Father of modern medicine › Mental disorders due to natural causes: ⚫ Brain ⚫ Mental disorders Pointed out that head injuries could lead to sensory and motor disorders Emphasized the importance of heredity and predisposition

Answer 35

He believed that mentally ill persons were not responsible for their acts. ▸ Mentally ill persons should not receive punishment in the same way as normal persons. ▸ He made provision for mental cases to be cared for in the community. ▸ Plato shared the belief that mental disorders were in part divinely caused.

Answer 36

The more scientific aspects of Greek medicine survived in the Islamic and middle east ▸ The first mental hospital was established in Baghdad in 792 A.D ‣ In Europe, scientific inquiry into abnormal behaviour was limited. Mass Madness-widespread occurrence of group behaviour disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria ▸ Tarantism- uncontrollable impulse to dance often attributed to the bite of the southern European tarantula or wolf spider Lycanthropy-a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior Black Death another occurrence which killed millions and severely disrupted social organization. ▸ Exorcisms were performed by the gentle "laying on of hands." ▸ Witchcraft-many mentally disturbed people were accused of being witches and thus were punished and often killed.

Answer 37

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)-Moral Management The humanitarian treatment of patients received great impetus from the work of Philippe Pinel in France. He considered treating the mentally-ill patients with kindness and consideration. ▸ Chains were removed from the patients. William Tuke (1732-1822)-York Retreat ▸ Tuke, an English Quaker established the "York Retreat" ▸ Pioneered pleasant country houses where mental patients lived, worked, and rested in a kindly religious atmosphere. Rush (1745-1813)-Founder American Psychiatry He used moral management based on Pinel's humanitarian methods to treat the mentally ill. Rush encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill. ▸ Wrote the systematic treatise on psychiatry in America. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)- Mental Hygiene Movement > In 1841 she began to teach women's prison. > She launched a campaign between 1841 and 1881 that aroused the people and the legislatures to an awareness of the inhumane treatment accorded to the mentally ill. She is credited with the establishment of some thirty-two mental hospitals.

Answer 38

Abnormal behaviour can be described when one deviates from the norm or average. Their characteristics and behaviours are statistically infrequent and usually not acceptable by society.

Answer 39

(1) unusual (2) socially unacceptable (3) distressing to the person affected as well as family and friends.

Answer 40

For much of human history, abnormality has been seen as a sign of possession by demons or evil spirits. But by the 18th century this view began to dissipate, as abnormality was seen as a kind of illness based on the pathology of the brain and treatable by appropriate medical techniques

Answer 41

. Psychologists today take a number of perspectives on the different causes of abnormal behaviour and the stance they take on how it is treated; this includes the psychodynamic, the medical, the humanistic, the behavioural and the cognitive perspective

Answer 42

The Police service, the Ministry of Social Development and the government of this country need to educate not just the schools and parents on the social and psychological issues that are affecting our young people concerning this disorder, but more people need to go into the social services and psychological fields. Studying abnormality at its core will benefit those who may not realise it, but need the help. Alcoholics Anonymous hold meetings throughout the country on a Wednesday night to aid alcoholics in their fight against this addiction. Hulsie Bhaggan has also contributed to our society by forming a rehabilitation centre in Mt. Hope for many substance abuse users. If studies were not done on the abnormal behaviour that plagues our society, we would not have come this far. Abnormal behaviour will forever be prevalent in societies, more so because those who suffer from abnormal behaviours do not always admit it and those of us who are normal cannot easily identify those who have it. Citizens need to be aware that both mental and personality disorders can be classed as diseases, they can cause physical, emotional and psychological harm not just to the sufferers but to those around them. Members of our society need to be educated about these dark hidden disorders, about their causes and in what way we can contribute to help our fellow citizens live healthy, wholesome, happy lives.

Answer 43

the American Psychiatric Association’s, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV). The DSM-IV is a widely used manual for classifying psychological disorders. It is the latest version of a classification scheme that was devised to provide a reliable, universal set of diagnostic categories having criteria specified as explicitly as possible. It describes an individual’s psychological condition using five different criteria, called axes. Personality disorders, of which fall into three clusters, are in the DSM-IV AXIS II category. Main handbook used in the U.S. To diagnose Psychiatric Illness Published by the APA. Covers all (recognized) categories of Mental Disorders, with symptoms, descriptions and criteria for Diagnosis, Common Treatment approaches,. Applicable to both Adults and Children and assists with the administrative costs as well for patients. The DSM-IV- TR had the desire to reframe the evaluation system to include a comprehensive approach in the assorted aspects of the patient’s lives.

Answer 44

by long standing, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behaviour beginning early in life and causing personal distress or problems in social and occupational functioning

Answer 45

According to DSM 5, there are four core features of personality disorders, these four features are found in all categorized personality disorders: Problematic Emotional Responses Distorted Thinking Patterns Impulse Control (over/under-regulation) Interpersonal Difficulties DSM 5 further groups the personality disorders together into three groups according to the symptoms called “CLUSTERS”. N.B. Children cannot be diagnosed with a personality disorder, children may present with similar symptoms, or behaviours types but no formal diagnosis can be given until the age of 18years.

Answer 46

People with personality disorders often cause at least as much difficulty in the lives of others as in their own lives. Other people find their behaviours confusing, exasperating, unpredictable and in varying degrees unacceptable. Their behavioural deviations are persistent and seem to be intrinsic to their personalities. Particular trait patterns that develop are obstinacy, covert hostility, suspiciousness, or fear of rejection. These patterns colour their reactions to each new situation and lead to a rejection of the same maladaptive behaviours.

Answer 47

Studies have shown that personality disorders can stem from temperament or character traits, genetic transmission or environmental and social factors.

Answer 48

Cluster A- described as : Odd/Eccentric, Cluster B- Described as Dramatic/Emotional, Cluster C- described as Fearful/Anxious Cluster A consists of Paranoid Personality Disorder; Schizoid Personality Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Cluster B consists of Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder; Histrionic Personality Disorder ; Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Cluster C consists of Avoidant Personality Disorder; Dependent Personality Disorder; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Cluster A- common features are social awkwardness and social withdrawal, Cluster B- Impulse control and emotional regulations, Cluster C- Anxious thoughts and behaviours Cluster A- other notes: These behaviours are similar to schizophrenia, but not as extensive or impactful to daily functioning, Cluster B- other notes : Inability to establish healthy relationships because of the dramatic emotional and irrational nature of these disorders and Cluster C- other notes : Most treatment options available.

Answer 49

Antisocial personality disorder, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Borderline, Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal, Avoidant, Dependant and Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

Answer 50

Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A) Marked distrust or suspicion of others/ doubtful of intentions of others even when true loyalty is shown. Individuals interpret external motivations and interactions as detrimental (high scepticism of others and their motives) .Individual is averse to establishing relationships because of fears of external mal-intent .Persons believe that they have been hurt by others without supporting evidence. .Does not confide in others readily Overall skewed perception. Hold grudges / Defensive.

Answer 51

Schizoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A) Avoid Social Relationships (continuously) and even within their social relationships they display a limited range of emotions. Limited quantity of close relationships. Lack the desire to engage in social behaviours/ prefer to engage in solitary behaviours. (viewed as loners) .Lack of interest in engaging in sexual experiences with others Indifferent to external criticism or praise. Rarely display facial expressions. Limited need for attention or acceptance. Schizotypal Personality Disorder (Cluster A) Range of impairment in social and interpersonal relationships due to discomfort in relationships along with odd cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviours (APA, 2013) Tend to be solitary with few relationships outside family members. Ideas of reference: this is a concept where the individual may attribute meanings to random events or situations (it may also lead to infatuation and preoccupation with paranormal or Magical theories/concepts. May experience Auditory Hallucinations, unusual speech patterns or incoherence. May experience: Paranoia or be highly suspicious of others, along with Social Anxiety and tend to self isolate because of social anxiety. May exhibit socially inappropriate behaviour, or behaviour that isn't typical for the social scenarios.

Answer 52

Psychopaths or sociopaths as they are contemporarily called are characterized by a failure to conform to common standards of decency, repeatedly lying and stealing, a failure to sustain long lasting and loving relationships, low tolerance of boredom and a complete lack of guilt. They continually violate and show disregard for the rights of others through deceitful, aggressive, or antisocial behaviour, typically without remorse or loyalty to anyone. They tend to be impulsive, irritable and aggressive, and show a pattern of generally irresponsible behaviour

Answer 53

Short version Sociopaths-Hot-headed, Need for validation Emotional, Erratic, Fearful Psychopaths-Cold-hearted, Need for stimulation/entertainment, Controlled Calculating and manipulative, Fearless Long version Sociopaths-Driven by Need for validation, attention, and admiration; immediate gratification; control Anger: Prone to emotional outbursts Behaviour: Erratic Criminal Behaviour: Opportunistic likely to engage in criminality. Violent Behaviour: High propensity for violence; prompted by anger, fear or perceived threat; reactive; defensive Relationships: Difficulty maintaining normal relationships Attachments: May form attachments with particular individual or group; values relationships that benefit them; does not want relationships to end. Fearfulness : Fearful; vulnerable to anxiety and rejection; easy to humiliate. Nature: Nurture; adverse environment; tend to come from dysfunctional families and disadvantaged groups. Psychopaths- Driven by: Stimulation; control Anger: Controlled Behaviour: Calculating and manipulative. Criminal Behaviour: premeditated; may or may not engage in criminality Violent Behaviour: Varied propensity for violence; predatory; absent of emotion or threat; proactive; attack Relationships: Able to appear normal in relationships. Attachments: Unable to form attachments; incapacity for love or emotional relationships; often social predators Fearfulness: Fearless; arrogant; confident; impossible to humiliate Nature/Nurture: biological in origin; numbers remain stable: across cultures and time

Answer 54

According to the DSM-IV, psychopaths with ASPD would have been showing behavioural patterns before the age fifteen. The person must have had symptoms of conduct disorder, a similar disorder occurring in children and young adolescents who show persistent patterns of aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules at home or in school. The DSM-IV includes evidence of at least three types of antisocial behaviour by age 15 and at least four after age 18.

Answer 55

. The adult however, is unable to sustain consistent work behaviour, lacks the ability to function as a responsible parent, repeats criminal activity, such as theft, pimping, or prostitution; is unable to maintain enduring attachment to a sexual partner; volatility and violence, including fights or assault; cannot honour financial obligations; impulsiveness and failure to plan ahead; habitually lies and uses aliases; and consistently reckless or drunken driving. In addition to meeting four of these criteria, the person must have displayed a “pattern of continuous antisocial behaviour in which the rights of others are violated, with no intervening period of at least five years without antisocial behaviour”. Some people with antisocial personalities however, have enough intelligence and social charm to devise and carry out elaborate schemes for conning large numbers of people. Imposters frequently fit into this category.

Answer 56

. Psychopaths feel no anticipatory fear of punishment, so he/she would more likely commit acts that normal people would be afraid to commit. For example, they habitually tell lies when there is no need for doing so and even when the lie is likely to be discovered. They steal things they don’t need and when confronted they do not act ashamed or embarrassed and usually shrug the incident off as a joke or simply deny it, however obvious their guilt might be. They are unconcerned for other people’s feelings and suffer no remorse or guilt if their actions hurt others. Although they may be superficially charming, they do not form real friendships; thus, they often become swindlers or confidence artists. Psychopaths do not easily learn adaptive behaviour from experience; they continue to get into trouble throughout their lives, although there is some decline in criminal activity around age 40. They do not appear to be ‘driven’ to perform their antisocial behaviours; but often appear to be acting on a whim. When someone with ASPD commits a heinous crime like murder or rape, one might think the criminal would have a reason for committing such an act. Criminal psychopaths have none; they might say “He had a car that I wanted so I killed him for it” or “I just felt like it”. They do not show much excitement or enthusiasm about what they are doing and do not appear to derive much pleasure from life.

Answer 57

1. Superficial charm and good “intelligence” 2. Absence of delusions and other signs of irrational thinking 3. Absence of “nervousness” 4. Unreliability 5. Untruthfulness and insincerity 6. Lack of remorse or shame 7. Inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour 8. Poor judgement and failure to learn by experience. 9. Pathological egocentricity and incapacity for love. 10. General poverty in major affective reactions 11. Specific loss of insight 12. Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal relations 13. Fantastic and uninviting behaviour.... 14. Suicide rarely carried out. 15. Sex life impersonal, trivial and poorly integrated 16. Failure to follow any life plan.

Answer 58

Genetically, these people often but not always come from grossly disturbed families that contain alcoholics and other psychopaths. Studies were done to examine the criminal records of men who had been adopted early in life and found that the likelihood of their being convicted of a crime was directly related to the number of convictions of their biological fathers. Environmentally, parenting plays an important part of the personality development of a child especially those with ASPD. The quality of parenting, especially as it relates to providing supervision for children, is strongly related to the development of antisocial personality disorder. Children whose parents ignore them or who leave them unsupervised for prolonged periods, often develop patterns of misconduct and delinquency. When parents do pay attention to their children, it tends to be in the form of harsh punishment or verbal abuse in response to their misdeeds. Thus, the children of these parents live in an environment that ranges from no attention at all to attention in the form of physical punishment and tongue lashings. In response, the children develop a pattern of behaviour that is characterised by increased aggression, distrust of others, concern only for themselves, and virtually no sense of right or wrong.

Answer 59

Borderline personality disorder refers to people who seem to teeter between severe neurotic traits such as emotional instability and bouts of psychosis.

Answer 60

Instability is a main characteristic in the borderline personality disorder. A person diagnosed with this disorder suffers from instability, severe depression and anxiety and anger, which seems to arise frequently without good reason. Interpersonal relationships are extremely unstable and the person can switch from idealizing other people to despising them. People with Borderline Personality Disorder feel desperately empty and will cling to new acquaintances or a therapist in the hope that the void they feel inside will be filled. They also tend to have self-mutilation and suicidal tendencies.

Answer 61

According to the perspective of the psychoanalytic theorists, individuals suffering from BPD have poorly developed views of the self and others, due to poor early relationships with caregivers. Other researchers suggest that many sufferers of BPD have had a history of physical and sexual abuse during childhood. In addition, a child whose parents alternate between abusive and being loving, could allow the child to develop a mistrust of others and a tendency to see others as all good or all bad.

Answer 62

Histrionic Personality Disorder exhibits excessive emotionality and attention seeking Individual needs to be the centre of attention and is usual highly sexual, dramatic, and theatrical even to the point of creating fictitious stories. These persons are easily suggestible, malleable and influenced.

Answer 63

Individuals with NPD tend to be Grandiose, overvalue their sense of worth; boastful and pretentious. False sense of Identity, need to be admired Fragile self esteem , dependent on the perception and validation of others; Sense of entitlement; may become angry when their needs are not met. Lack empathy, may (not) recognize the desires of others May become envious of others with greater achievements or status.

Answer 64

Social anxiety due to feelings of inadequacy/high sensitivity to negative evaluations. Extreme fear of rejection leads to reduced effort in activities and activity seeking Very few friends, despite the desire for friendships Negatively Skewed self perception about their abilities Misattributed reasoning for external reactions rather than logical reasoning

Answer 65

Extreme need to be taken care of by others Submissive and Clinging Behaviours Fear of abandonment Don't make decisions without consulting, need for approval Fear of loss of relationship is greater than the need challenge a decision that they may not agree with Feels at a loss without a relationship, seeks out another and reenacts the subservient role Low self confidence, will engage in subservient task with the intention of belonging and getting reassurance.

Answer 66

Preoccupation with orderliness perfectionism ability to control situations Tends to be inflexible, rigid,; ethically and moralistically inflexible Preoccupation with lists; details; rules; order and organization leads to loss of Big Picture perspective. Need for perfection, which leads to task repetition and lack of completion of said task View others as unable to assist (incompetent), because of the quality of work necessitated . May display characteristics of hoarders and display tendencies for extreme financial preparedness OCD and OCPD are not the same, OCPD lacks definitive obsessions and compulsions therefore it is more generalized. OCPD patients tend to have a higher onset of depression, general anxiety disorder or substance abuse disorder

Answer 67

Biological causes of personality disorders have not been identified in most disorders, the exception being schizotypal which has similar biological causes as schizophrenia and antisocial and borderline personality disorders which have similar neurological changes. Psychological causes of personality disorders include negative early childhood experiences; maladaptive thought patterns and cognitive distortions; and modeling, reinforcement, and lack of social skills. Social causes of personality disorders include high levels of psychological and social dysfunction within families and maltreatment.

Answer 68

Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders have a high comorbidity with personality disorders. Substance abuse disorders occur less frequently across the ten personality disorders but when they do, are comorbid with antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal personality disorders.

Answer 69

Individuals with a Cluster A personality disorder do not often seek treatment and when they do, struggle to trust the clinician (paranoid and schizotypal) or are emotionally distant from the clinician (schizoid). When in treatment, cognitive restructuring and cognitive behavioral strategies are used. In terms of Cluster B, treatment options for antisocial are limited and generally not effective, borderline responds well to dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), histrionic patients seek out help but are difficult to work with, and finally narcissistic are the most difficult to treat. For Cluster C, cognitive techniques aid with OCPD while gradual exposure to various social settings and social skills training help with avoidant. Clinicians use cognitive strategies to challenge thoughts on helplessness in patients with dependent personality disorder.

Answer 70

Mental Disorder -Attempts to understand the causes of mental disorders generally fall under one of the approaches to psychology. The biological perspective also called the medical or disease model, suggests that bodily disturbances cause disordered thoughts behaviour and emotion. Researchers using this approach look for genetic irregularities that may cause a person to develop mental disorders. The psychoanalytic perspective on mental disorders emphasizes unconscious conflicts, usually originated in early childhood. The cognitive perspective suggests that some mental disorders originate from disordered cognitive processes. Some mental disorders are schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual disorders, sleep disorders and eating disorders.

Answer 71

Schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual disorders, sleep disorders and eating disorders.

Answer 72

are one of the mental disorders. Individuals with mood disorders may be severely depressed or manic or may experience periods of depression as well as periods of mania. It is divided into depressive disorders, in which the individual has one or more periods of depression without a history of manic episodes and bipolar disorders, in which periods of depression and periods of mania, usually with a return to normal mood between the two extremes. Manic episodes without some history of depression are very uncommon.

Answer 73

are relatively common, with about 17% of people having an episode of severe depression at some time in their lives. Mild depression symptoms are normal responses to many of life’s stresses. Some situations that cause depressive symptoms are failure at school, or work, and the loss of a loved one. Depression becomes a disorder when the symptoms become so severe that they interfere with normal functioning and when they continue for weeks at a time. There are actually four sets of symptoms; emotional, cognitive, motivational and physical. The more of these symptoms an individual has the more intense they are. The depressed person gradually loses interest in hobbies, recreation and family recreation and family activities. The cognitive symptoms consist of negative thoughts. Depressed individuals tend to have low self-esteem, feel inadequate and blame themselves for their failures. Motivation is at a low ebb (weakened or depressed state). The depressed person tends to be passive and has difficulty initiating activities. The physical symptoms of depression include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue and loss of energy.

Answer 74

It is an eating disorder characterized by a severe decrease in eating. The meaning of anorexia suggests a loss of appetite, but people with this disorder generally do not lose their appetites. They enjoy thinking about food, preparing meals for others to consume but they do not eat it themselves. They have an intense fear of becoming obese and their fear continues even though they are really thin. Most psychologists believe that the emphasis our society places on slimness is largely responsible for this disorder. Anorexia is difficult to treat and many people with anorexia suffer from osteoporosis and bone fractures. Also when weight loss becomes severe women with the disorder cease menstruation. Reports show evidence of brain tissue loss among young women with anorexia nervosa.

Answer 75

Bulimia nervosa is another eating disorder. It is characterized by a loss of control of food intake. People with bulimia nervosa gorge (eat a large amount greedily) themselves with food, especially desert or snack food. This is usually followed by self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives along with feelings of depression and guilt. This disorder is seldom fatal.

Answer 76

The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words that together mean “split mind” Schizophrenia is considered the most devastating, puzzling and frustrating of all mental disorders. People with this disorder lose touch with reality and are often unable to function in a world that makes no sense to them. A person with schizophrenia is said to have a schizophrenic disorder that is because schizophrenia is really a range of disorders.

Answer 77

a lack of mental awareness and by deterioration of social and intellectual functioning beginning before age 45 and lasting at least six months .People diagnosed as having a schizophrenic disorder often show serious personality disintegration; they may become psychotic which affects their ability to meet the demands of everyday life. Schizophrenia begins slowly with more symptoms developing as times passes it affects 2.5 million Americans and accounts for 25% of all mental hospital admission each year.

Answer 78

(1) CATATONIC (2) PARANOID (3) HEBEPHRENIC/DISORGANIZED/ SIMPLE (4) UNDIFFERENTIATED (5) RESIDUAL

Answer 79

(1) Catatonic Type…..characterized by either displays of excited or violent motor activity or stupor. There are actually two sub-types (1) excited (2) withdrawal (2) Paranoid Type …..one of the most difficult to identify and study because outward behavior often seems appropriate to the situation. The paranoid type is characterized by hallucinations and delusions of persecutions or grandeur (or both) and sometime irrational jealousy rather than withdrawing from social interaction. Patients with paranoid schizophrenia have a better chance of recovery than do patients with other types (3) Simple/Disorganized/ Hebephrenic Type…….characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior and inappropriate affect. Patients may exhibit bizarre emotions with periods of giggling, crying or irritability for no apparent reason. They show a severe disintegration of normal personality, a total lack of awareness and often poor personal hygiene. The chances of recovery are poor. (4) Undifferentiated type……the patient affected by this type exhibits behavior which do not meet the criteria for any other types or which meets the criteria for more than one type. (5) Residual Type…….this type commonly displays emotional bluntness, social withdrawal, illogical thinking , eccentric behavior, flat affect or poverty of speech. They may however show no strong positive symptoms.

Answer 80

(1) Positive symptoms : Such as delusions or hallucinations, which are known as seeing or believing things that are not real (2) Negative symptoms: Such as social avoidance, emotional avoidance or lack of feeling or emotion…..things that are missing. (3) Disorganized symptoms: Confused in thinking and speech. Acting in ways that do not make sense

Answer 81

Psychosis” is a common condition in schizophrenia- it is a state of mental impairment marked by hallucinations, which are disturbances of sensory perception and of delusions which are false yet strongly held that results from an inability to separate real from imaginary.

Answer 82

the sudden onset of severe psychotic symptoms.

Answer 83

Environment…..may begin at birth or before. Women who are exposed to influenza during pregnancy, complications at birth, meningitis, or any event that affects brain development. Often victims were exposed to violence, sexual abuse, death , divorce, separation or other stresses Heredity ….some individuals inherit a potential for developing schizophrenia. Identical twins more likely to develop the condition than fraternal. If both parents develop the condition then the children are more likely to suffer from the condition (46%) chance. Brain Chemistry….. while there might not be unusually high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, because of the extra dopamine receptors, schizophrenics may get psychedelic effects from normal levels

Answer 84

(1) Social support from family, friends and significant others (2) Medication…antipsychotic medicine to relieve positive symptoms e.g. Clozapine, resperedine, haldol, haloperidol and lithium among other dopamine antagonist. (3) Dietary supplement….omega 3fatty acids, balanced diet (4) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)…..shock- induced seizures alter the biochemical balance in the brain bringing an end to severe depression and suicidal behavior. (5) Professional attention from psychiatrist, psychologist and other caregivers.

Answer 85

1.Appropriate perception of reality – one where the individuals are fairly realistic in appraising their reactions and capabilities and interpreting what is going on in the world around them. 2.Ability to exercise voluntary control over behaviour – Normal individuals feel confident about their ability to control their behaviour. 3.Self esteem and acceptance – Normal individuals feel accepted by those around them and they have appreciation of their own worth 4.The ability to form affectionate relationships – Normal individuals are sensitive to the feelings of others and do not make demands on them to satisfy their needs. 5.Productivity – They are enthusiastic about life and do not need to drive themselves to meet the demands of the day.