Unit 14-15: career cllg/MCF

Question 1

What factors influence career development and how?

Answer 1

• gender: historical perceptions of gender differences have manifested in fewer opportunities for women, glass ceilings, and women have not had role models in all potential areas to see themselves in a career. Gender has therefore restricted half of the population in opportunities, pay, potential, self-concept.
• culture: some cultures value certain professions more, particularly depending on the generation if immigrants.
• family systems: obligations and needs impact mobility in a profession, whether or not a particular direction can be pursued, can limit opportunities and change priorities.
• maturity
• age

Question 2

What are Crites’ three important aspects of career counselling?

Answer 2

1. The need for career cllg (external and internal) is greater than the need for psychotherapy (internal)
2. Career cllg can be therapeutic: spillover effect re skills and coping abilities, how one applies them in one area can carry over into others.
3. Career cllg is more difficult than psychotherapy: because it deals with both the internal and external worlds of the client, the cllr must be more knowledgeable and experienced with a wider variety of theories and techniques and continually learn.

Question 3

What is the definition of career cllg?

Answer 3

A means of helping people who need assistance in their career path, aiming for the acquisition of skills that enable each to realize their unique potential.

Question 4

What is an occupation?

Answer 4

a group of similar jobs found in different industries or organizations.

Question 5

When does data become information?

Answer 5

When data is understood by clients and used to inform decision-making.

Question 6

Why is it important for cllrs to be competent with computer-based/assisted career systems?

Answer 6

These systems offer a wide variety of useful tools for offering career info, help ppl sort through values and interests, and find job information. People are likely using them more and more and information is becoming almost exclusively digital.

Question 7

What can cllrs offer to computer based systems?

Answer 7

Help ppl apply the information they retrieve to their lives: interpretation, personality, priorities, any other internal issues that need to be addressed.

Question 8

What are the primary theories of career development?

Answer 8

• Trait-and-Factor theory (TaF)
• Developmental theories
• Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

Question 9

What are the strengths and limitations of Trait-and-Factor theory?

Answer 9

Strengths: structural and stresses the uniqueness of individuals; looks for the proper fit between abilities and job requirements; it considers nature of careers, lifestyles and performance requirements of work; factor analysis confirms the model is applicable to Canadian high school students; gives client fuller picture of their personality profile and similarity to others in a given careers.
Limitations: assumes personal motivations remain stable; it can ignore the psychological realities of decision making and fail to promote self-help skills, overemphasizes test information.

Question 10

What are the strengths and limitations of Developmental theory?

Answer 10

Strengths: emphaises importance of lifespan on career decisions; more inclusive, more concerned with longitudinal expression of career behaviour; more inclined to highlight importance of self-concept; 5 stages with dev task; career-pattern cllg; historical and descriptive emphases; conceptual depth of theory; applicable to children and adolescents; research interst in rainbow theory; used to understand the dev of career maturity.
Limits: lack of applicability to groups other than Eurocentric

Question 11

What are the strengths and limitations of Developmental theory?

Answer 11

Strengths: emphaises importance of lifespan on career decisions; more inclusive, more concerned with longitudinal expression of career behaviour; more inclined to highlight importance of self-concept; 5 stages with dev task; career-pattern cllg; historical and descriptive emphases; conceptual depth of theory; applicable to children and adolescents; research interst in rainbow theory; used to understand the dev of career maturity.
Limits: lack of applicability to groups other than Eurocentric; historical and descriptive emphasis has been criticized.

Question 12

What are the stages and tasks in the Super developmental theory?

Answer 12

Stage 1: growth- birth to age 14- dev of self-concept
Stage2: Exploration- 14-24- self-examination
Stage 3: Establishment- 24-44- est place in field
Stage 4: Maintenance- 44-64- preserving achievement
Stage 5: Decline- 65- death- disengagement from work and alignment with other sources of satisfaction

Question 13

What are the strengths and limitations of social cognitive career theory?

Answer 13

Strengths: big impact on research re career choice; groups, minorities and women can benefit due to performance enactment aspect; can be used in a number of settings; can be used with diverse groups; addresses intra-individual and contextual variables (Bandura); views people as having control over events they find reinforcing (applicable across sex and culture) (Krumboltz).
Limits: Krumboltz’s theory less developed.

Question 14

What are the central propositions of SCCT?

Answer 14

1- the interaction between people and their environments is highly dynamic
2- career-related behaviour is influenced by 4 aspects of the person: behaviour, self-efficacy, outcome expectations and goals.
3- self-efficacy beliefs and expectations of outcomes interact directly to influence interest development.
4- Additionally to expectations of outcome, factors such as gender, race, physical health, disabilities, and environmental variables influence self-efficacy dev.
5- actual career choice and implementation are influenced by a number of direct and indirect variables.
6- all things being equal, people with the highest levels of ability and the strongest self-efficacy beliefs perform at the highest level
7. self-efficacy and interests are linked and interests can be developed/strengthened using modelling, encouragement, and performance enhancement.

Question 15

What is the definition of self-efficacy?

Answer 15

person’s beliefs regarding their ability to successfully perform a particular task.

Question 16

What are the five select diverse groups?

Answer 16

• children
• adolescents
• university students
• adults
• women and ethnic minorities
• LGBTQ

Question 17

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg children?

Answer 17

approach should be a systematic program, focus on:

• awareness instead of decision-making
• provide experimental activities
• convey that kids have choices
  techniques: - field trips
• parental engagement, taking kids to work

Question 18

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg adolescents?

Answer 18

approach for middle school should include:
exploration of work opportunities
- student evaluations of their own strengths and weaknesses
- awareness of talents and skills
- general intelligence
Approach for high school should include:
- career dev programs incl acquiring of basic skills
- stimulating career dev
- providing treatment
- aiding placement
Techniques:- CIDS (middle school)
COGNITIVE TECHNIQUES- guided fantasies
- fundamental info provision re career entry and dev
- occupational family tree
EXPERIENTAL AND COMPREHENSIVE TECHNIQUES
- youth apprenticeship (work-based learning and transition into work)

Question 19

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg university students?

Answer 19

approach should include helping:

• select a major
• self-assessment w psych testing
• understand world of work
• facilitate access to employment opportunities
• teach decision-making skills
• meet needs of special populations
• life-career dev cllg
• create realistic job previews
• DISCOVER/ CBCPSs

Question 20

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg adults?

Answer 20

Two dominant approaches:

• differential (typology of person + env= level and quality of coping skills)
  techniques: probably testing and interview.
• developmental (experiences of events, situations and other people help determine their identities) total identity over time.
  Techniques: same

Question 21

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg women?

Answer 21

approach should incorporate understanding that theories were formulated for men and incomplete, watch for occupational sex-role stereotyping, barriers outside of myths, focus on self-efficacy, offer career + life cllg, ecological perspective

Question 22

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg ethnic minorties?

Answer 22

approach must accommodate different cultural contexts, be sensitive to issues, and help clients overcome artificial and real barriers

Question 23

What are approaches and techniques of career cllg LGBTQ?

Answer 23

Approach should involve questioning cllr self to assess appropriateness of own involvement, be sensitive to their views, subtleties, question own stereotyping, use gender-free language, be informed re overt and covert discrimination in workplace, lavender ceiling.

Question 24

What are four trends that influenced the dev of MCF cllg?

Answer 24

• increase in divorce after ww2- higher number of single-parent families, blended families
• changing role of women- new opportunities, women’s rights, working, change in child care
• expansion of the lifespan
• changes in societal norms and demographics spurred new family forms

Question 25

Who are 4 most important MCF theorists and why?

Answer 25

• Jay Hayley- developed strategic family therapy and influenced structural family therapy, both major theories applied in the field, big impact.
• Nathan Ackerman applied psychoanalytic practices to family treatment, legitimizing the it in psychiatry
• Salvador Minuchin- founder of influential structural family therapy
• Monica McGoldrick- incorporating cultural influence in treatment, inherited vs acquired cultures.

Question 26

What are the stages of the family life cycle?

Answer 26

1- unattached adult: accepting parent-offspring separation
2- newly married: commitment to the marriage
3- childbearing: accepting new members into the system
4- preschool-age child: accepting the new personality
5- school-age child: allowing child to establish relationships outside the family
6- teenage child: increasing flexibility of family boundaries to allow independence
7- launching centre: accepting exits from and entries into the family
8- Middle-age adult: letting go of children and facing each other
9- retirement: accepting retirement and old age

Question 27

How do cohesion and adaptability relate to progress through the family life cycle?

Answer 27

These dimensions need to be balanced in the circumplex model in order to avoid dysfunction (high or low), balanced families function more adequately. All families face these dimensions. Variance of adaptability from low to high are: rigid, structured, flexible and chaotic; variance of cohesion from low to high are: disengaged, separated, connected, enmeshed.
Balance means that families can deal with a crisis in a positive manner.

Question 28

Why should cllrs understand the family life cycle?

Answer 28

Understanding the life cycle enables more inclusive treatments plans as sensitivity to the family as a whole and its individuals, and their developmental tasks enable the cllr to see that some individual manifestations are related to family structure and functioning.

Question 29

What are the main similarities between MCF cllg and individual?

Answer 29

• similar re theories applied but also different
• 3 assumptions are shared:
  
  • recognize the importance that family plays in ind life
  • focus on problem behaviours and conflicts between the ind and the environment
  • they are developmental

Question 30

What are the main similarities between MCF cllg and group?

Answer 30

Similar in:

• organization
• basic dynamics
• stage development
• interpersonal emphasis

Question 31

What are the main differences between MCF cllg and individual?

Answer 31

Individual cllg:
- treats the person outside of their family
MCF cllg:
- works at resolving issues within the family as a way of helping individual members cope better with the environment

Question 32

What are the main differences between MCF cllg and group?

Answer 32

• family is not a typical group and is not suited to group theory work: power dynamics, perpetuated myths, more emotional baggage, family arrangement in not limited in time, related to sex roles, affective bonds have long history
• emphasis with MCF is on the dynamics rather than linear causality

Question 33

What is the identified patient?

Answer 33

an individual who is seen as the cause of trouble within the family structure

Question 34

What are the 6 concepts for working with families?

Answer 34

1- non-summativity
2- equifinality
3- communication
4- family rules
5- morphogenesis
6- homeostasis

Question 35

What is equifinality?

Answer 35

The same origin leads to different outcomes and the same outcome can result from different origins
- hence treatment focuses on interactional family patters vs events or conditions

Question 36

What are the two functions of interpersonal messages?

Answer 36

Content- factual info)

Relationship- (how the message should be understood)

Question 37

How is the ‘what’ of a message conveyed?

Answer 37

By how it is delivered.

Question 38

What is the redundancy principle?

Answer 38

The small set of predictable rules that families operate by

Question 39

What is morphogenesis?

Answer 39

The ability of a family to modify its functioning to meet the changing demands of internal and external factors.

Question 40

What does morphogenesis require?

Answer 40

Second order change, which is the ability to make an entirely new response

Question 41

What is a first-order change?

Answer 41

Continuing to do more of the same things that have worked previously.

Question 42

When is homeostasis good and when is it damaging?

Answer 42

Good- in helping a family achieve life-cycle goals

Bad- prevents family from moving on to another stage of dev

Question 43

What is the theoretical base of family counselling?

Answer 43

Systems theory

Question 44

What are the 4 premises of successful MCF cllg?

Answer 44

1- the cllr is psychologically healthy and understands own family of origin well.
2- cllrs will not overemphasize or underemphasize aspects or interventions in the therapeutic process.
3- cllr must win the battle for structure and let the family battle for initiative.
4- cllrs need to be able to see the difficulties in the context in which they are occurring, so cllrs need to be developmentally sophisticated and life experienced.

Question 45

What are the 4 phases of MCF cllg?

Answer 45

• Pre-session planning
• Initial session/s
• Middle phase
• Termination

Question 46

What are the important elements of the Pre-session planning?

Answer 46

Address:

• expectations of the caller re session and treatment
• obtain essential clinical info
• begin to hypothesize re prevalent issues and culture
• schedule appntment

Question 47

What are the important elements of the initial session?

Answer 47

• establish rapport and working alliance
• gain a perspective on how the members view the presenting problem
• observe the family dance and any scapegoating
• ask circular questions, look for triangulation
• draw some initial conclusions re behaviour and attune to dynamics
• determine what needs to be done to help the relationship

Question 48

What are circular questions?

Answer 48

questions that focus attention on the member connections and highlight differences among members

Question 49

What is triangulation?

Answer 49

The drawing in of a third person into a dyadic conflict.

Question 50

What are the important elements of the middle phase?

Answer 50

• members make changes
• explore new behaviours and take chances
• second-order change is preferred and required
• cllr is active and presses the members to make greater change if necessary
• look for evidence of stability of change
• don’t get ahead of the unit

Question 51

What are the important elements of termination?

Answer 51

• should not be sudden
• assessment of unit achievement of goals
• unit asks themselves why they are entering the phase
• determined long-term goals
• predict setbacks
• follow-up

Question 52

What are the 4 approaches to MCF cllg?

Answer 52

• Bowen Systems Theory
• Structural family cllg
• Strategic (Brief) cllg
• Emotion Focused Couples and Family Cllg

Question 53

What are the main points of the Bowen Systems Theory?

Answer 53

• founded by Murray Bowen
• HN: ppl are affected by the anxiety in their family lines and become dysfunctional unless they differentiate from others.
• Cllr as coach and teaches client to be more cognitive.
• Goal: client understands and modifies coping strategies re stress that’s inherited.
• T: socratic dialogue, genogram, go home again, content-based questions re family, detriangulation, differentiation of self.

Question 54

What is detriangulation?

Answer 54

The process of being in contact and emotionally separate with others, operates on 2 levels
1- resolve anxiety over family and not project onto others
2- avoid becoming target or scapegoat for others who are overcome

Question 55

What is differentiation?

Answer 55

Distinguishing one’s thoughts from one’s emotions and onself from others

Question 56

What is differentiation of self?

Answer 56

The ability to distinguish between subjective feelings and objective thinking.

Question 57

What are the main points of the Structural Family Counselling?

Answer 57

• founded by Salvador Minuchin
  HN- Every family has structure and if it’s hierarchical people relate well, if not there is dysfunction, coalitions and alliances.
• Cllr as observer and expert in making interventions that modify and change underlying structure, such as interactional patters and mindmapping.
  G- Action and reorganization of the family structure into a more functional and productive unit.
  T- family interaction, reframing, punctuation, unbalancing, unbalancing, enactment, boundary making, intensity, restructuring, adding cognitive constructions.

Question 58

What is the technique of family interaction?

Answer 58

When the counsellor rearranges the physical environment so they have to act in a different way.

Question 59

What is enactment?

Answer 59

A technique used in mcf cllg where a family brings its problematic behaviours into treatment sessions and demonstrates them.

Question 60

What are the main points of Strategic (Brief) Cllg?

Answer 60

• Jay Hayley big name
  HN- problems occur within a dev framework of the family life cycle and dysfunction occurs to help adapt
• Cllr strives to resolve presenting problems from a systemic viewpoint, focusing on the process and trying to get ppl to try new behaviours.
  G- resolve, remove or ameliorate problematic behaviour by generating new functional behaviours.
  T- customized, relabelling, paradoxing, prescribing the symptom, pretend, ordeals, homework.

Question 61

What dimensions of family life do strategic cllrs focus on?

Answer 61

• family rules
• homeostasis
• quid pro quo
• circular causality

Question 62

What is quid pro quo?

Answer 62

When ppl treat others as they are treated.

Question 63

What is the most technique-driven approach to systems theory?

Answer 63

Strategic Cllg

Question 64

What is prescribing the symptom?

Answer 64

Having the members display voluntarily what they had previously manifested involuntarily.

Question 65

What are the main points of Emotion-focused couples and family therapy?

Answer 65

• Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg
  HM- relationships are at the core of human experience and ppl will maximize their potential if in a nuturant social environment.
• Cllr helps clients identify their primary emotions and express them to others.
  G- enhance the emotional bond bw individuals and shift how they relate to one another.
  T- 5-stage framework w 14 steps: validate and est working alliance, de-escalate the negative cycle, access underlying feelings, restructure the negative communications, consolidate and integrate the changes.

Question 66

What are the 3 main issues brought to mcf cllg?

Answer 66

• couple/marital issues
• depression
• anxiety

Question 67

Why don’t many cllrs involve children in family therapy?

Answer 67

Lack of empirical evidence to support its efficacy.