Unit 10 Tectonics

Question 1

Convection currents:

Answer 1

The transfer of heat within fluids (liquids and gases) caused by the difference in density of the fluid when heated, causing it to rise, and the cooler, denser fluid to sink.

Question 2

Convergent boundary:

Answer 2

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving towards each other.

Question 3

Divergent boundary:

Answer 3

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

Question 4

Passive/ transform boundary:

Answer 4

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past each other in opposite directions.

Question 5

Subduction zone:

Answer 5

The area where two tectonic plates meet and the denser plate is pushed below the less dense plate.

Question 6

Focus (earthquake):

Answer 6

The point beneath the Earth’s surface where an earthquake starts.

Question 7

Magnitude:

Answer 7

A measure of the strength or energy released during an earthquake.

Question 8

Richter scale:

Answer 8

A numerical scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake.

Question 9

Primary impacts:

Answer 9

The immediate and direct effects of a natural disaster, such as physical damage to buildings and infrastructure.

Question 10

Secondary impacts:

Answer 10

The indirect and long-term effects of a natural disaster, such as economic impacts, loss of jobs, and mental health effects.

Question 11

What causes tectonic activity?

Answer 11

Tectonic activity is caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which make up the Earth’s crust. The plates move due to the convection currents in the mantle, which transfer heat and cause the plates to move apart, towards each other, or past each other.

Question 12

What happens during an earthquake and volcanic eruption?

Answer 12

During an earthquake, there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust, which causes vibrations to spread outwards from the focus (the point where the energy is released). The vibrations are felt as shaking at the Earth’s surface, and can cause damage to buildings and other structures.

During a volcanic eruption, molten rock, ash, and gas are expelled from a volcano. This can cause damage to the surrounding area, and the ash can also travel long distances and affect the climate in other regions.

Question 13

How can technology be used to manage tectonic events?

Answer 13

Technology can be used to predict tectonic events, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and to manage their impacts. For example, seismometers can be used to detect seismic waves and provide early warning of an earthquake, allowing people to evacuate or take other safety measures. Satellite imagery can also be used to monitor volcanoes and detect changes in their activity, allowing for better prediction of eruptions.

Question 14

What difference does the type of lava make to the style of volcanic eruption?

Answer 14

The type of lava affects the style of volcanic eruption, because different types of lava have different viscosities (thicknesses). More viscous lava is more likely to cause explosive eruptions, because it is more difficult for gas bubbles to escape. This can result in the build-up of pressure and the sudden release of ash and rock fragments. Less viscous lava is more likely to flow out of the volcano, resulting in a less explosive eruption.

Question 15

Explain how technology can help to predict and manage impacts of tectonic events.

Answer 15

Technology can help to predict tectonic events by monitoring seismic activity, volcanic activity, and other indicators of tectonic activity. For example, seismometers can detect earthquakes and provide early warning, while satellites can monitor volcanoes and detect changes in their activity. This information can be used to plan evacuation routes and other safety measures, as well as to provide aid and support to those affected by tectonic events. Technology can also be used to help manage the impacts of tectonic events, such as by providing communication and transportation networks to help coordinate relief efforts.

Question 16

Explain the primary and secondary impacts of two tectonic case studies in contrasting areas of development.

Answer 16

The primary impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami were the immediate loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, displacement of people, and damage to the economy. The death toll was estimated to be around 230,000 people across 14 countries. In contrast, the primary impacts of the 2011 Japan earthquake were primarily related to the quake itself and subsequent tsunami, including the destruction of buildings and infrastructure, loss of life, and displacement of people.

The secondary impacts of the Indian Ocean tsunami included disease outbreaks due to contaminated water and lack of sanitation, loss of livelihoods, and long-term displacement of people. In contrast, the secondary impacts of the Japan earthquake included a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, which led to radioactive contamination and long-term health and environmental impacts, as well as significant economic disruption.

Overall, the impacts of both disasters were devastating, but the level of development in Japan allowed for a more effective response and recovery effort compared to the affected countries in the Indian Ocean region.