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BPK 140 > UNIT 10 DRUGS AND ALCOHOL > Flashcards

UNIT 10 DRUGS AND ALCOHOL Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical other than food that is intended to affect the structure or function of the body

This definition encompasses a wide range of substances, including legal and illegal drugs.

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2
Q

Define psychoactive drug.

A

Acts on the nervous system and alters a person’s experience or consciousness

Examples include alcohol, caffeine, and illicit drugs.

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3
Q

What does intoxication refer to?

A

A state of being mentally affected (literally poisoned) by a substance

This state can impair judgment, coordination, and other cognitive functions.

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4
Q

What is addictive behaviour?

A

Any habit that becomes out of control resulting in negative health effects

This can include behaviors related to substance use or other compulsive activities.

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5
Q

How is addiction defined?

A

A chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s reward system, characterized by compulsive need and desire to consume

Addiction can lead to physical and psychological dependence on substances.

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6
Q

What is reinforcement in the context of addiction?

A

The process by which a behavior is strengthened or increased due to its positive outcomes

Reinforcement can make it more likely that the behavior will occur again.

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7
Q

Define compulsion or craving as a characteristic of addiction.

A

An overwhelming urge to engage in a behavior or consume a substance, often despite negative consequences

Cravings can be triggered by various cues, including environmental stimuli.

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8
Q

What does loss of control mean in addiction?

A

The inability to limit or manage one’s behavior or substance use despite a desire to do so

This can lead to continued use even when it is harmful.

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9
Q

What is meant by escalation in addiction?

A

The tendency for individuals to increase the amount or frequency of substance use or behavior over time

This often leads to a higher risk of negative outcomes.

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10
Q

What are negative consequences in the context of addiction?

A

Adverse effects resulting from addictive behaviors or substance use, impacting physical health, relationships, and overall well-being

Examples include health issues, financial problems, and social isolation.

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11
Q

What is substance use disorder?

A

A condition characterized by an individual’s inability to stop using a substance despite harmful consequences.

This includes addiction to drugs or alcohol.

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12
Q

What is gambling disorder?

A

A behavioral addiction involving the compulsive urge to gamble despite negative outcomes.

It can lead to severe financial and personal issues.

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13
Q

What is social media disorder?

A

A condition where individuals compulsively use social media platforms, negatively impacting their daily lives.

Symptoms may include neglecting responsibilities and relationships.

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14
Q

What is gaming disorder?

A

A pattern of excessive or compulsive gaming that interferes with daily life.

Recognized by symptoms such as withdrawal and loss of interest in other activities.

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15
Q

What is compulsive buying or shopping?

A

An addiction characterized by an uncontrollable urge to shop or buy items, often leading to financial problems.

This behavior is driven by emotional triggers rather than need.

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16
Q

What is work addiction?

A

A condition where an individual feels compelled to work excessively, often at the expense of personal relationships and health.

It can lead to burnout and stress-related health issues.

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17
Q

What is compulsive exercise?

A

An addiction to physical activity that leads to excessive exercise, often resulting in injury or health problems.

It is frequently driven by a desire for control or body image issues.

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18
Q

What is sex addiction?

A

A behavioral addiction characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and actions that disrupt daily life.

This can include a range of behaviors from excessive pornography use to risky sexual practices.

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19
Q

What is the route of administration that involves breathing in medication?

A

Inhalation

Inhalation is often used for respiratory conditions.

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20
Q

What is the method of administering medication under the skin?

A

Subcutaneous injection

This method is commonly used for insulin and vaccines.

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21
Q

What is the term for taking medication by mouth?

A

Oral dosage

Oral dosage is one of the most common routes of administration.

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22
Q

What is the route of administration that delivers medication directly into the bloodstream?

A

Intravenous injection

This method allows for rapid delivery of medication.

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23
Q

What is the method of administering medication into a muscle?

A

Intramuscular injection

This route is often used for vaccines and hormones.

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24
Q

What is inhalation in the context of drug administration?

A

A method of delivering drugs through the respiratory system

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25
Q

What is injection in drug administration?

A

A method that involves delivering drugs directly into the body via a syringe

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26
Q

What does the concentration of a drug refer to?

A

The amount of drug present in a specific volume of fluid in the brain

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27
Q

What is snorting/snuffing?

A

A method of drug administration involving inhaling powdered drugs through the nose

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28
Q

What is ingestion in drug administration?

A

The process of taking drugs orally

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29
Q

What does time after drug administration refer to?

A

The duration since the drug was administered until its effects are observed

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30
Q

What is more likely to cause dependence when administering drugs?

A

Injecting or smoking drugs

This is due to factors such as strong stimulus-response pairing and quicker wear-off times.

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31
Q

Why do users who inject or smoke drugs take more frequent doses?

A

Because the effects wear off more quickly

This leads to a cycle of increased usage.

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32
Q

What are the risks associated with injecting drugs?

A

Increased transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV

This is due to shared needles and other unsafe practices.

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33
Q

What health issue can smoking drugs cause?

A

Damage to the air passages

This can lead to respiratory problems and other related health issues.

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34
Q

True or False: Smoking drugs is less likely to cause dependence compared to injecting them.

A

False

Both methods are likely to cause dependence, but injecting may have a stronger effect.

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35
Q

What changes occur in brain chemistry due to drug use?

A

Altered effects of neurotransmitters

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by drugs that increase pleasure?

A

Dopamine

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37
Q

Name three substances that affect dopamine levels.

A
  • Nicotine
  • Cocaine
  • Alcohol
  • Heroin
  • Amphetamines
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38
Q

True or False: Cocaine enhances dopamine levels by facilitating its reuptake.

A

False

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39
Q

Fill in the blank: Cocaine blocks the removal of _______ from a synapse.

A

dopamine

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40
Q

What is the result of cocaine blocking dopamine reuptake?

A

Continuous stimulation of the receiving neurons

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41
Q

In the context of cocaine use, what happens to dopamine at the synapse?

A

Buildup of dopamine

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42
Q

What is the role of the transmitting neuron in normal dopamine reuptake?

A

Controls the amount of dopamine at a synapse

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43
Q

What are pharmacological properties?

A

Characteristics of a drug, such as its composition

Pharmacological properties determine how a drug interacts with biological systems.

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44
Q

Define dose-response function.

A

The relationship between the dose of a drug and the intensity of its effects

This concept helps understand how varying doses can lead to different effects.

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45
Q

What does the time-action function refer to?

A

The relationship between the time a drug is administered and the onset of its effects

It includes aspects such as lag time before effects are felt.

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46
Q

How does drug use history influence drug effects?

A

Prior experience with a drug, such as whether it is a first-time use

Previous use can affect tolerance and response to the drug.

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47
Q

What is the significance of the route of administration?

A

The method through which a drug is delivered, such as oral or injection

Different routes can alter the drug’s absorption and effect onset.

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48
Q

Name a physical factor that influences drug effects.

A

Weight

Body weight can affect the distribution and metabolism of drugs.

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49
Q

What psychological factor can influence drug effects?

A

The setting in which the drug is used

The environment can impact the user’s experience and perception of the drug’s effects.

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50
Q

What are CNS stimulants?

A

CNS stimulants speed up the activity of the nervous and/or muscular system

CNS stands for central nervous system.

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51
Q

Name three examples of CNS stimulants.

A
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine
  • Cocaine

Other examples include amphetamines, ecstasy, and Ritalin.

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52
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a CNS stimulant commonly found in coffee.

A

Caffeine

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53
Q

True or False: Ritalin is classified as a CNS stimulant.

A

True

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54
Q

List two illegal CNS stimulants.

A
  • Cocaine
  • Ecstasy

These substances are often associated with recreational use.

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55
Q

What effect do CNS stimulants have on the muscular system?

A

They speed up the activity of the muscular system

This can lead to increased physical performance or agitation.

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56
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a stimulant often used to treat ADHD.

A

Ritalin

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57
Q

Name a stimulant that is also a common tobacco product.

A

Nicotine

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58
Q

What category do amphetamines fall under?

A

CNS stimulants

Amphetamines are often prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy.

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59
Q

What is the most popular psychoactive drug?

A

Caffeine

Caffeine is widely consumed in various forms like coffee, tea, cocoa, and energy drinks.

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60
Q

List three common sources of caffeine.

A
  • Coffee
  • Tea
  • Energy drinks

Cocoa is also a common source of caffeine.

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61
Q

What are the effects of caffeine at low doses?

A

Relatively harmless mild stimulant effects

Low doses can enhance alertness and concentration.

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62
Q

What can excessive consumption of caffeine cause?

A
  • Shaking
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Insomnia
  • Irregular heartbeat

These effects vary by individual tolerance and sensitivity.

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63
Q

What symptoms can caffeine withdrawal cause?

A
  • Irritability
  • Drowsiness
  • Headaches

Withdrawal symptoms can vary in intensity and duration.

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64
Q

What type of drug is nicotine?

A

Stimulant drug

Found in cigarettes and e-cigs

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65
Q

What is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death?

A

Tobacco use

Includes smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption

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66
Q

Smoking is strongly associated with which two major health issues?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
  • Lung cancer
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67
Q

What do carcinogens in cigarette smoke damage?

A

DNA

Carcinogens are substances that can lead to cancer

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68
Q

What are some health complications caused by chronic smoking?

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Reproductive complications
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69
Q

If a person quits smoking before what age, can their health become close to that of a non-smoker?

A

Age 30

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70
Q

What happens within 20 minutes of quitting smoking?

A
  • Stop polluting the air
  • Blood pressure drops to normal
  • Pulse rate drops to normal
  • Temperature of hands and feet increases to normal
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71
Q

After how many hours does the carbon monoxide level in blood drop to normal after quitting smoking?

A

8 hours

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72
Q

What significant health benefit occurs 24 hours after quitting smoking?

A

The chance of heart attack decreases

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73
Q

What begins to happen to nerve endings 48 hours after quitting smoking?

A

Start regrowing

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74
Q

What improvements occur between 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting smoking?

A
  • Circulation improves
  • Walking becomes easier
  • Lung function increases up to 30 percent
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75
Q

What decreases within 1 to 9 months of quitting smoking?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sinus congestion
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
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76
Q

What is the risk of heart disease death 1 year after quitting smoking compared to a smoker?

A

Half that of a smoker

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77
Q

What happens to stroke risk 5 years after quitting smoking?

A

Drops nearly to the risk for non-smokers

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78
Q

How much does lung cancer death risk drop 10 years after quitting smoking?

A

To 50 percent of that of a continuing smoker

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79
Q

What other types of cancer incidence decreases 10 years after quitting smoking?

A
  • Mouth
  • Throat
  • Larynx
  • Esophagus
  • Bladder
  • Kidney
  • Pancreas
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80
Q

What is the lung cancer risk 15 years after quitting smoking?

A

About 25 percent of that of continuing smokers

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81
Q

What risks become close to those for non-smokers 15 years after quitting smoking?

A
  • Risks of heart disease
  • Risks of death
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82
Q

What components do e-cigarettes typically use?

A

A mouthpiece, heating element, battery, and liquid

These components work together to vaporize the liquid for inhalation.

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83
Q

Are e-cigarettes known to be safer than traditional cigarettes?

A

Not yet known to be safer

Research is ongoing to determine the safety of e-cigarettes compared to traditional smoking.

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84
Q

What harmful substances may be present in e-cigarette vapor?

A

Harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine

Despite being marketed as safer alternatives, e-cigarettes can still pose health risks.

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85
Q

Can e-cigarettes assist in quitting smoking?

A

Yes, may help with quitting smoking

However, they may also perpetuate addiction to nicotine.

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86
Q

What is the WHO’s stance on e-cigarette use?

A

Does not recommend use until studies determine safety

The World Health Organization advises caution due to insufficient evidence on safety.

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87
Q

True or False: E-cigarettes are completely free of harmful substances.

A

False

E-cigarettes may still contain harmful chemicals despite being different from traditional cigarettes.

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88
Q

Fill in the blank: E-cigarettes may help with quitting smoking, but they may also _______.

A

perpetuate addiction

This indicates a potential negative aspect of using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool.

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89
Q

What chemical does nicotine stimulate the brain to release that alters mood?

A

Chemicals that affect mood

These chemicals include neurotransmitters like dopamine.

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90
Q

What physical effects do tars and toxins from smoking have on the body?

A

Irritate mucous membranes and dull taste buds

This can lead to decreased sensitivity to flavors.

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91
Q

How does nicotine affect blood vessels?

A

Constricts blood vessels, especially in skin

This can lead to reduced blood flow and skin health issues.

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92
Q

What is the impact of smoking on mucus production and lung health?

A

Increases mucus production and damages cilia in bronchial tubes

This allows harmful particles to reach delicate lung tissue.

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93
Q

What cardiovascular effects does nicotine have?

A

Accelerates heart rate and elevates blood pressure

This can increase the risk of heart disease.

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94
Q

What role does nicotine play in the adrenal glands?

A

Stimulates adrenal glands to release adrenaline

This causes changes in the functioning of the heart and other organs.

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95
Q

True or False: Nicotine increases hunger contractions.

A

False

Nicotine actually depresses hunger contractions.

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96
Q

How does nicotine affect urine production?

A

Inhibits production of urine in kidneys

This can lead to dehydration and other kidney-related issues.

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97
Q

What effect does nicotine have on blood sugar levels?

A

Causes liver to release glycogen, raising blood sugar level

This can impact insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk.

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98
Q

What type of stimulant is cocaine?

A

Potent CNS stimulant

CNS stands for central nervous system.

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99
Q

From which plant is cocaine derived?

A

Coca plant

The coca plant is primarily found in South America.

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100
Q

Name three physiological effects of cocaine use.

A
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Decreased appetite
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101
Q

What feelings may users experience when using cocaine?

A
  • Euphoria
  • Alertness
  • Competency
  • Power
  • Invincibility
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102
Q

What brain pathway does cocaine activate?

A

The brain’s reward pathway (dopamine)

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.

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103
Q

How long do the effects of cocaine last?

A

Short lasting and ends abruptly

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104
Q

What are some consequences of repeated cocaine use?

A
  • Insomnia
  • Weight loss
  • Impotence
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105
Q

What can an overdose of cocaine cause?

A

Death due to heart irregularities

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106
Q

What is ‘crack’ in relation to cocaine?

A

‘Crack’ is a less pure freebase form of cocaine

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107
Q

What is a common cause of death associated with cocaine use?

A

Heart irregularities

Cocaine can lead to severe complications such as arrhythmias.

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108
Q

What central nervous system effects are associated with repeated cocaine use?

A

Severe psychological problems, suppression of food, sex, and sleep desire

High dosages can exacerbate these issues.

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109
Q

What are potential neurological effects of cocaine use?

A

Strokes, seizures, and neurological damage

These effects are particularly concerning with high dosages.

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110
Q

How does cocaine affect the cardiovascular system?

A

Increases blood pressure, causes irregular heartbeat, damages heart tissue

Cocaine constricts blood vessels, contributing to these effects.

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111
Q

What respiratory issues can arise from freebasing cocaine?

A

Lung damage and overdose leading to respiratory arrest

Freebasing involves smoking cocaine, which can harm lung tissue.

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112
Q

In men, how does cocaine affect reproductive health?

A

Affects ability to maintain erections and ejaculate; causes sperm abnormalities

These effects can impact fertility.

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113
Q

In women, what reproductive issues may cocaine use cause?

A

May affect ability to carry pregnancy to term

Cocaine can lead to complications during pregnancy.

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114
Q

What damage can cocaine cause to the nose?

A

Damages mucous membrane

This is particularly relevant for users who snort cocaine.

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115
Q

What are amphetamines?

A

Powerful stimulants that have effects similar to cocaine and are highly addictive

Amphetamines include methamphetamine, commonly referred to as ‘meth’.

116
Q

What is a common street name for methamphetamine?

A

Meth

Methamphetamine is often referred to simply as ‘meth’ in popular culture.

117
Q

What is a significant reason for the low cost of methamphetamine?

A

Can be made from household ingredients

This accessibility contributes to its widespread use and addiction.

118
Q

What neurotransmitter do amphetamines cause high levels of?

A

Dopamine

The increase in dopamine is linked to the stimulant effects and addictive properties of amphetamines.

119
Q

What is tolerance in the context of amphetamine use?

A

The need for increasing doses to achieve the same effect

Tolerance is a common phenomenon with addictive substances.

120
Q

What is the relapse rate for amphetamine addiction?

A

Very high

The addictive nature of amphetamines leads to significant challenges in recovery.

121
Q

What are some severe consequences of chronic amphetamine use?

A

Severe weight loss, heart attack, stroke, paranoia, psychosis, violent behavior

These consequences highlight the serious health risks associated with prolonged use.

122
Q

What is amphetamine psychosis?

A

Psychotic features including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions

Amphetamine psychosis can occur in individuals using high doses over extended periods.

123
Q

True or False: Amphetamines are not addictive.

A

False

Amphetamines are known to be highly addictive substances.

124
Q

What are common street names for MDMA?

A

‘X’, ‘molly’

These names are often used in club and rave settings.

125
Q

What type of drug is MDMA/Ecstasy classified as?

A

Stimulant and mild hallucinogen

It is also known as a ‘club drug’.

126
Q

What effect does MDMA have on serotonin levels?

A

Increases serotonin

This leads to mood elevation.

127
Q

What are some effects of MDMA use?

A

Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging

These effects contribute to its popularity in social settings.

128
Q

What is ‘coming down’ from MDMA associated with?

A

Serotonin imbalances, promoting depression

This phase can lead to feelings of sadness or lethargy.

129
Q

What risks are associated with MDMA use in club or rave settings?

A

Dangerously high body temperature, potentially fatal dehydration

These risks are exacerbated by physical activity and warm environments.

130
Q

How does developing a tolerance to MDMA affect users?

A

Leads to higher doses or mixing with other drugs

This increases the risk of adverse effects and overdose.

131
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions, feelings, and thoughts

Hallucinogens can lead to changes in sensory perception, mood, and cognitive processes.

132
Q

Name two examples of hallucinogens.

A
  • LSD (acid)
  • Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
  • MDMA
  • DMT
  • Ketamine
  • PCP

These substances are known for their psychoactive effects.

133
Q

True or False: Hallucinogens are generally more addictive than other drugs.

A

False

Hallucinogens are generally considered less addictive compared to many other classes of drugs.

134
Q

Fill in the blank: Examples of hallucinogens include LSD and _______.

A

Psilocybin

Psilocybin is commonly found in certain species of mushrooms.

135
Q

What is MDMA primarily classified as?

A

A stimulant

While MDMA has hallucinogenic properties, it is primarily known for its stimulant effects.

136
Q

What are LSD, PCP, and Psilocybin classified as?

A

Hallucinogens

These drugs include LSD (acid), PCP (angel dust), and psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

137
Q

What do hallucinogens alter?

A

Perception, feelings, and/or thoughts

They cause altered states of consciousness

138
Q

How are hallucinogens typically ingested and how long do their effects last?

A

Typically ingested; effects last ~8+ hours

This duration can vary based on the substance and individual.

139
Q

What are some risks associated with hallucinogen use?

A

Irrational acts; potential for flashbacks

LSD users, in particular, may experience flashbacks.

140
Q

What happens to tolerance when using hallucinogens?

A

Tolerance develops

There is little physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms.

141
Q

Are hallucinogens generally considered addictive?

A

No, generally not addictive

Users typically do not experience withdrawal symptoms.

142
Q

What factors can influence the quality of a hallucinogen experience?

A

Environment, mood, dose, expectations

These factors determine whether users have a ‘good trip’ or a ‘bad trip’.

143
Q

What recent research suggests about ‘guided trips’ with hallucinogens?

A

May have therapeutic applications for treating addictive behaviors

This research indicates potential benefits in a controlled setting.

144
Q

What are opioids?

A

A class of drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria

Opioids include both natural and synthetic substances.

145
Q

Name three examples of opioids.

A
  • Opium
  • Heroin
  • Morphine

Other examples include methadone, codeine, Demerol, oxycodone, and fentanyl.

146
Q

What is the source of natural opioids?

A

Opium poppy

Opioids can also be synthetic analogues or derivatives of opium.

147
Q

What are the common effects of opioids?

A
  • Relaxation
  • Euphoria
  • Slowed breathing
  • Slurred speech
  • Impaired balance

These effects can vary depending on the dosage.

148
Q

What can higher doses of opioids cause?

A
  • Stupor
  • Unconsciousness
  • Coma
  • Death

Higher doses significantly increase the risk of severe adverse effects.

149
Q

True or False: Most opioids prescribed for pain are not addictive.

A

False

Most opioids are powerfully addictive despite being prescribed for pain relief.

150
Q

What ongoing crisis is associated with opioids in BC?

A

The opioid (fentanyl) crisis

This crisis highlights the severe impact of opioid misuse and addiction in British Columbia.

151
Q

What can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used in emergency situations to counteract the effects of opioid overdose.

152
Q

What class of drugs does Rohypnol belong to?

A

Benzodiazepines

Rohypnol is a type of benzodiazepine that is used as a sedative in some countries.

153
Q

Is Rohypnol legal in Canada and the US?

A

No, it is illegal in Canada and the US

Rohypnol is approved as a sedative in some countries but not in Canada and the US.

154
Q

What are the effects of mixing Rohypnol with alcohol?

A

Produces dizziness, disorientation, impaired memory and judgment within 15 minutes

These effects can severely impact an individual’s ability to function.

155
Q

What is GHB’s full name?

A

y hydroxybutyrate

GHB is known for its sedative effects and is often associated with club drugs.

156
Q

What severe effects can GHB cause?

A

Sedation, loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, coma, and death

GHB can be extremely dangerous, leading to life-threatening conditions.

157
Q

What are some side effects of GHB?

A

Nausea, vomiting, hallucinations

These side effects can vary in intensity depending on the dosage.

158
Q

Does regular use of GHB lead to physical dependence?

A

Yes

Regular use of GHB can result in physical dependence, making cessation difficult.

159
Q

What are common street names for Ketamine?

A
  • special K
  • vitamin k

These names often reflect its use in recreational settings.

160
Q

What type of drug is Ketamine classified as?

A

Legal anesthetic

Ketamine is primarily used in medical settings for anesthesia.

161
Q

What hallucinogenic effects can Ketamine produce?

A

Delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function

These effects are more pronounced at high doses.

162
Q

What physiological effects can high doses of Ketamine cause?

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Depression
  • Depressed respiration

These effects can pose serious health risks.

163
Q

True or False: Ketamine is known to cause physical dependence.

A

False

It is not known whether physical dependence develops with Ketamine use.

164
Q

Fill in the blank: High doses of Ketamine can act like _______.

A

PCP

PCP is another substance known for its hallucinogenic effects.

165
Q

What is a common side effect of some prescription drugs?

A

Physical dependence

Certain Rx drugs, particularly those in specific classes, may lead to physical dependence.

166
Q

What class of drugs is used to treat anxiety and panic attacks?

A

Benzodiazepines

Examples include Valium, Ativan, and Xanax.

167
Q

Name two examples of benzodiazepines.

A
  • Valium
  • Ativan
  • Xanax

These medications are commonly prescribed for anxiety and panic disorders.

168
Q

What types of conditions are stimulants used to treat?

A
  • Asthma
  • Obesity
  • Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

An example of a stimulant is Dexedrine.

169
Q

Fill in the blank: Opioids are used to treat _______.

A

Pain

Common opioids include codeine and morphine.

170
Q

What are two examples of opioids?

A
  • Codeine
  • Morphine

These drugs are primarily used for pain management.

171
Q

What type of substance can cannabis be classified as?

A

CNS depressant, hallucinogen, stimulant

Cannabis has various effects depending on the individual and context.

172
Q

What percentage of Canadians have tried cannabis?

A

45%

Use is legal in Canada.

173
Q

What is the active compound in cannabis that acts on cannabinoid receptors?

A

THC

THC stands for tetrahydrocannabinol.

174
Q

What are some acute effects of cannabis use?

A

Mild euphoria, heightened perception, drowsiness, red eyes

These effects can vary based on dosage and individual response.

175
Q

List some chronic effects of cannabis use.

A
  • May interfere with memory/learning
  • Associated with reproductive dysfunction
  • May promote schizophrenia in susceptible individuals, especially if used during adolescence
  • Biggest health risk is effects on airways
  • Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens

Chronic effects can lead to significant health concerns.

176
Q

True or False: Cannabis use is only associated with positive effects.

A

False

Cannabis can have both positive and negative effects on health.

177
Q

Fill in the blank: The biggest health risk of cannabis is the effects on _______.

A

airways

Cannabis smoke can irritate the lungs and airways.

178
Q

What are some benefits of cannabis?

A

May relieve nausea, vomiting, chronic pain

Additional benefits include potential treatment for various conditions.

179
Q

Name some conditions that cannabis may help treat.

A
  • Glaucoma
  • Epilepsy
  • Anorexia
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Arthritis
  • Migraines

These conditions are among those potentially alleviated by cannabis.

180
Q

What is considered the safest way to consume cannabis?

A

Ingestion or with a vaporizer

Smoking joints is considered the most harmful method of consumption.

181
Q

Is recreational marijuana use legal in Canada?

A

Yes

The logistics of sales and approving business licenses are still ongoing.

182
Q

Fill in the blank: The safest way to consume cannabis is probably through _______.

A

[ingestion or with a vaporizer]

183
Q

True or False: Smoking joints is considered the safest method of consuming cannabis.

A

False

Smoking joints is regarded as the most harmful method.

184
Q

What type of substance is alcohol (ethanol)?

A

CNS depressant

CNS stands for central nervous system.

185
Q

What initial effect might alcohol have that contrasts with its classification as a depressant?

A

It may feel like a stimulant

This initial feeling can lead to misinterpretation of alcohol’s effects.

186
Q

What is the most highly abused psychoactive substance?

A

Alcohol (Ethanol)

It is commonly used recreationally, leading to high rates of abuse.

187
Q

List three acute effects of alcohol consumption.

A
  • Mild euphoria
  • Relaxation
  • Altered judgement
  • Impaired motor skills

These effects can vary based on individual tolerance and amount consumed.

188
Q

What are the health risks associated with binge drinking and/or chronic alcohol use?

A

Many health risks

Risks can include liver disease, addiction, and increased accidents.

189
Q

How is alcohol absorbed into the body?

A

Alcohol is absorbed directly into the blood through the stomach or small intestinal wall

Alcohol is not digested.

190
Q

What are the primary factors influencing the rate of alcohol absorption?

A
  • Sex (Male vs Female)
  • Size (Weight and BMI)
  • Fruit sugar
  • Food in stomach, especially fats
  • Liver enzyme activity
191
Q

What percentage of alcohol absorption occurs in the stomach?

A

20%

192
Q

What percentage of alcohol absorption occurs in the intestine?

A

80%

193
Q

Fill in the blank: Alcohol is absorbed directly into the blood through the _______.

A

[stomach or small intestinal wall]

194
Q

True or False: Alcohol is digested before it is absorbed.

A

False

195
Q

How does food in the stomach affect alcohol absorption?

A

Food, especially fats, slows down alcohol absorption.

196
Q

What role does liver enzyme activity play in alcohol absorption?

A

Liver enzyme activity influences the rate of alcohol metabolism.

197
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on judgement and mood?

A

Alcohol affects judgement and changes mood

Alcohol can lead to impaired decision-making and emotional instability.

198
Q

List some short-term risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

A
  • Memory loss
  • Decreased blood sugar levels
  • Flushing
  • Sweating
  • Indigestion
  • Slurred speech
  • Blurred vision
  • Impaired motor skills
  • Impaired sexual function
  • Increased likelihood of riskier behaviors
  • Violence
  • Suicide
  • Increased urine output
  • Dehydration
  • Hangover
  • Withdrawal symptoms
  • Alcohol poisoning
  • Extreme cases: death

These risks highlight the immediate dangers of consuming high quantities of alcohol.

199
Q

True or False: Alcohol consumption can lead to memory loss.

A

True

Memory loss is a recognized short-term risk of consuming alcohol, especially in excessive amounts.

200
Q

Fill in the blank: One of the short-term risks of alcohol use is _______.

A

increased likelihood of riskier behaviours

This includes engaging in activities that may lead to harm or dangerous situations.

201
Q

What are the symptoms of alcohol poisoning?

A

Extreme cases can result in death

Alcohol poisoning is a severe reaction to high alcohol consumption, requiring immediate medical attention.

202
Q

What can excessive alcohol consumption result in regarding physical functions?

A
  • Impaired motor skills
  • Impaired sexual function

Both physical impairments can lead to dangerous situations, including accidents.

203
Q

What immediate bodily reactions can occur due to alcohol consumption?

A
  • Flushing
  • Sweating
  • Indigestion

These reactions can vary in intensity depending on the amount of alcohol consumed.

204
Q

Fill in the blank: Alcohol can cause _______ which can lead to dehydration.

A

increased urine output

Dehydration can significantly affect physical and mental health.

205
Q

What is a long-term risk of alcohol use related to addiction?

A

Addiction

Alcohol use can lead to physical and psychological dependence.

206
Q

What cardiovascular disease is associated with long-term alcohol abuse?

A

CVD

Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to various cardiovascular problems.

207
Q

What liver condition can result from prolonged alcohol use?

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis is severe liver damage caused by prolonged alcohol abuse.

208
Q

Name a type of cancer linked to long-term alcohol consumption.

A

Cancers

Alcohol is a risk factor for several types of cancer, including breast and liver cancer.

209
Q

What nutritional issue can arise from chronic alcohol use?

A

Malnutrition

Alcohol can interfere with nutrient absorption and lead to deficiencies.

210
Q

What mental health condition can be exacerbated by long-term alcohol use?

A

Mental illness

Alcohol can contribute to or worsen conditions like depression and anxiety.

211
Q

What type of damage can long-term alcohol use cause to the brain?

A

Brain damage

Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairments and neurological issues.

212
Q

How does long-term alcohol use affect the immune system?

A

Impaired immune function

Alcohol can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.

213
Q

What are some negative social effects of alcohol use?

A

Negative social effects

Alcohol abuse can lead to relationship problems, job loss, and social isolation.

214
Q

What reproductive issues can arise from long-term alcohol use?

A

Impotence, infertility

Alcohol can negatively affect sexual health and reproductive functions.

215
Q

What syndrome can result from alcohol use during pregnancy?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause physical and developmental issues in offspring.

216
Q

What risks are associated with alcohol use regarding personal safety?

A

Increased chances of harm to oneself and others

This includes riskier behaviors, accidents, violence, and suicide.

217
Q

True or False: Long-term alcohol use can lead to an increased risk of suicide.

A

True

Alcohol abuse is associated with higher rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.

218
Q

What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the central nervous system?

A

Impaired reaction time and motor coordination; impaired judgment and sedation; coma and death at high BACs

BAC stands for Blood Alcohol Concentration.

219
Q

What are two chronic effects of alcohol on the brain?

A

Damaged/destroyed brain cells; impaired memory

Chronic alcohol use can lead to significant cognitive decline.

220
Q

How does chronic alcohol use affect the cardiovascular system?

A

Weakened cardiac muscle; elevated blood pressure; irregular heartbeat; increased risk of stroke

These effects can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases.

221
Q

What is a significant risk associated with alcohol consumption and breast health?

A

Increased risk of breast cancer

Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for several types of cancer.

222
Q

List three sensory impairments caused by chronic alcohol use.

A
  • Less acute vision * Less acute smell * Less acute taste * Less acute hearing

Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to diminished sensory perceptions.

223
Q

What gastrointestinal issues can arise from chronic alcohol use?

A
  • Nausea * Inflammation * Bleeding

These symptoms can significantly impact overall health.

224
Q

What are some skin-related effects of alcohol abuse?

A
  • Flushing * Sweating * Heat loss and hypothermia * Formation of broken capillaries

Skin changes can be a visible sign of alcohol abuse.

225
Q

How does alcohol affect sexual functioning in men?

A

Reduced erection response

This can lead to psychological and relational issues.

226
Q

What impact does alcohol have on the immune system?

A

Lowered resistance to disease

This can make individuals more susceptible to infections.

227
Q

What digestive system conditions are linked with chronic alcohol consumption?

A
  • Cirrhosis of the liver * Hepatitis * Inflammation of stomach and pancreas * Increased risk of cancers of various organs

Alcohol is a major contributor to liver disease.

228
Q

What is a potential kidney-related outcome of chronic alcohol abuse?

A

Kidney failure associated with end-stage liver disease

The liver and kidneys are closely linked in processing alcohol.

229
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect nutritional status?

A

Nutrient deficiencies; obesity

Alcohol can interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients.

230
Q

What reproductive issues can alcohol cause in women?

A

Menstrual irregularities; increased risk of having children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

FAS can lead to severe developmental issues in children.

231
Q

What reproductive issues can alcohol cause in men?

A

Impotence and impaired sperm production

These effects can affect fertility.

232
Q

What skeletal issue is associated with chronic alcohol use?

A

Increased risk of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis can lead to higher fracture rates.

233
Q

What is the risk associated with falls in individuals who abuse alcohol?

A

Increased risk of fractures

Alcohol impairs coordination and balance, increasing fall risk.

234
Q

What are some other mental health conditions that can be risk factors for addiction?

A

Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia

These conditions may contribute to the likelihood of developing an addiction.

235
Q

List some factors that may lead to the development of addiction.

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Physiological factors
  • Personality factors
  • Social factors
  • Lifestyle factors
  • Environmental factors

These factors can interact in complex ways to influence addiction risk.

236
Q

What role does stress play in addiction risk?

A

Stress can increase the likelihood of developing an addiction

High levels of stress may lead individuals to seek substances or behaviors for relief.

237
Q

Fill in the blank: Low self-esteem, easy access, and _______ are risk factors for addiction.

A

high social acceptance

These social factors can normalize or encourage addictive behaviors.

238
Q

What is the first step in the treatment process?

A

User first needs to realize they have a problem and address underlying causes

Acknowledging the issue is crucial for effective treatment.

239
Q

How does treatment vary among individuals?

A

Some people quit on their own, others need help

Individual circumstances greatly influence the need for assistance in treatment.

240
Q

Name one option for medication-assisted treatment.

A

Medication-assisted treatment

This involves the use of medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

241
Q

What type of support can treatment centers provide?

A

Treatment centers

These facilities offer structured programs and professional support for recovery.

242
Q

What is a common form of group support in treatment?

A

Group and Peer Counselling (e.g. AA)

Support groups provide community and shared experiences for individuals in recovery.

243
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ strategies are aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with substance use.

A

Harm-reduction strategies

These strategies focus on minimizing harm rather than solely aiming for abstinence.

244
Q

True or False: Prevention is preferable to treatment.

A

True

Preventative measures can significantly reduce the need for treatment.

245
Q

What is the first step in the treatment process?

A

User first needs to realize they have a problem and address underlying causes

Acknowledging the issue is crucial for effective treatment.

246
Q

How does treatment vary among individuals?

A

Some people quit on their own, others need help

Individual circumstances greatly influence the need for assistance in treatment.

247
Q

Name one option for medication-assisted treatment.

A

Medication-assisted treatment

This involves the use of medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

248
Q

What type of support can treatment centers provide?

A

Treatment centers

These facilities offer structured programs and professional support for recovery.

249
Q

What is a common form of group support in treatment?

A

Group and Peer Counselling (e.g. AA)

Support groups provide community and shared experiences for individuals in recovery.

250
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ strategies are aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with substance use.

A

Harm-reduction strategies

These strategies focus on minimizing harm rather than solely aiming for abstinence.

251
Q

True or False: Prevention is preferable to treatment.

A

True

Preventative measures can significantly reduce the need for treatment.

252
Q

What are the Four Pillars of Vancouver’s Drug Strategy?

A
  1. Treatment
  2. Prevention
  3. Harm reduction
  4. Enforcement

The Four Pillars approach aims to address drug-related issues comprehensively.

253
Q

Which pillar focuses on helping individuals recover from substance use disorders?

A

Treatment

Treatment includes various therapeutic interventions and support services.

254
Q

What is the goal of the Prevention pillar in Vancouver’s Drug Strategy?

A

To prevent the initiation of drug use and minimize risk factors

This includes educational programs and community outreach.

255
Q

What does Harm reduction aim to achieve?

A

To minimize negative health outcomes associated with drug use

Examples include needle exchange programs and supervised consumption sites.

256
Q

What is the focus of the Enforcement pillar?

A

To regulate and control illegal drug activities

Enforcement strategies may involve law enforcement and judicial measures.

257
Q

True or False: Vancouver’s Drug Strategy includes only treatment and enforcement.

A

False

The strategy encompasses treatment, prevention, harm reduction, and enforcement.

258
Q

Fill in the blank: The Four Pillars of Vancouver’s Drug Strategy include Treatment, Prevention, Harm reduction, and _______.

A

Enforcement

Each pillar plays a crucial role in addressing drug-related challenges.

259
Q

What is the purpose of Drug Substitution Programs?

A

To substitute a less debilitating drug, reduce cravings, and enable individuals to function normally in society and employment.

Drug substitution helps in managing addiction by providing a safer alternative.

260
Q

What services are typically offered by Treatment Centers?

A

Services include:
* Hospitalization
* Detoxification
* Counseling
* Mental health services

Treatment centers aim to provide comprehensive support for individuals struggling with substance use disorders.

261
Q

What is a critical component of Self-help Groups and Peer Counseling?

A

Peer Counseling

Peer counseling is essential for providing support and shared experiences among individuals in recovery.

262
Q

Fill in the blank: The critical component of Self-help Groups is _______.

A

Peer Counseling

263
Q

True or False: Drug Substitution Programs aim to eliminate drug use completely.

A

False

The goal is to reduce the harmful effects of drug use and support functional living.

264
Q

What is one key aspect of prevention in education?

A

Teach skills

This includes skills related to communication, stress management, and assertiveness.

265
Q

What skills are emphasized in prevention strategies?

A

Communication, stress management, assertiveness

These skills help individuals resist peer pressure and make informed choices.

266
Q

Fill in the blank: Assertiveness, refusal, and _______ are important skills for resisting peer pressure.

A

resisting peer pressure

267
Q

What type of education is important regarding choices and consequences?

A

Education re choices & consequences

This education helps individuals understand the impact of their decisions.

268
Q

What are some alternatives to satisfy drug needs?

A

Excitement, recreation, socializing

These alternatives can provide fulfilling experiences without resorting to drug use.

269
Q

What role does affordable housing play in prevention?

A

Affordable housing

Access to stable housing can reduce stress and provide a supportive environment.

270
Q

What is a critical component of employment in prevention strategies?

A

Employment training & jobs

Job training can equip individuals with skills necessary for gainful employment.

271
Q

What is the goal of harm reduction?

A

To decrease the negative consequences of drug use for individuals, communities, and society

Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize harmful effects rather than solely focusing on eliminating drug use.

272
Q

Name a method of harm reduction that involves substituting a less harmful drug.

A

Substituting a less harmful drug

This approach can help individuals manage their drug use more safely.

273
Q

What is a needle exchange program?

A

A program that provides clean needles to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases

Needle exchange programs are a key component of harm reduction strategies.

274
Q

What are safe injection sites?

A

Designated locations where individuals can use drugs under medical supervision

Safe injection sites aim to reduce overdose deaths and promote safer drug use practices.

275
Q

True or False: Harm reduction strategies advocate for the decriminalization of certain illegal drugs.

A

True

Decriminalization can reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help without fear of legal repercussions.

276
Q

What is the goal of harm reduction?

A

To decrease the negative consequences of drug use for individuals, communities, and society

Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize harmful effects rather than solely focusing on eliminating drug use.

277
Q

Name a method of harm reduction that involves substituting a less harmful drug.

A

Substituting a less harmful drug

This approach can help individuals manage their drug use more safely.

278
Q

What is a needle exchange program?

A

A program that provides clean needles to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases

Needle exchange programs are a key component of harm reduction strategies.

279
Q

What are safe injection sites?

A

Designated locations where individuals can use drugs under medical supervision

Safe injection sites aim to reduce overdose deaths and promote safer drug use practices.

280
Q

True or False: Harm reduction strategies advocate for the decriminalization of certain illegal drugs.

A

True

Decriminalization can reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help without fear of legal repercussions.

281
Q

What is enforcement in the context of criminal justice?

A

Integrated actions of regulatory agencies, licensing authorities, police, the courts, and other components of the criminal justice system

Enforcement involves collaboration among various entities to ensure compliance with laws and regulations.

282
Q

What is a key recommendation regarding smoking?

A

Avoid smoking cigarettes (and vaping)

Smoking and vaping are associated with numerous health risks.

283
Q

What should be considered when using drugs?

A

Some drugs have therapeutic benefits, but for most, the risks outweigh the benefits

This highlights the importance of evaluating the risks and benefits of drug use.

284
Q

What is advised regarding alcohol consumption?

A

Reduce alcohol intake

Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to various health issues.

285
Q

What principle should guide activities that can lead to addiction?

A

Stay in control and remember that moderation is key

This emphasizes the importance of self-regulation in potentially addictive behaviors.

286
Q

Should drugs and alcohol be used as coping mechanisms?

A

No, drugs and alcohol should not be used as coping mechanisms

Relying on substances for coping can lead to addiction and other negative consequences.

BPK 140 (5 decks)

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