Unit 10 Flashcards
What can Lewin’s force field analysis be used for?
- Investigate the balance of power involved in an issue
- Identify the key stakeholders in an issue
- Identify the allies and opponents
- Identify how to influence that target groups
Lewin’s force field analysis for change? (Internal)
- Need to keep up with competition
- New owners
- Complaints
- Poor performance
- Increase profitability
- Conflict between departments
- Natural decline in the business
Lewin’s force field analysis for change? (External)
- Higher taxes
- Higher cost of inputs
- Greater competition
- Globalisation
- Scarcity
- Uncertain economic decision
Organisational barriers to change?
- Structural inertia
- Existing power structures
- Resistance from work groups
- Failure of previous change initiatives
Positives for change?
- Economic recovery
- Businesses lead change
- Some changes may be planned/known
Why are some businesses better at adapting to change?
Business that are more agile
- Restructuring
- Delayering
- Flexible contracts
Kotter & Schlesinger model?
4 Main Reasons for Why Change is Resisted
- Self-interest
- Different Assessment of the Situation
- Low tolerance for change and inertia
- Misinformation and misunderstanding
What is self-interest?
Protect their own self-interest
Think they may be worse off
Lack knowledge and skills
What is low tolerance and inertia?
People prefer things the way they are
Comfort zone
What is different assessment of the situation?
People think its the wrong decision
Better idea
What is misunderstanding and misinformation?
Not understand why change is needed
Employees don’t appreciate it
How can change resistance be over come?
- Education and communication
- Participation and Involvement
- Facilitation and Support
- Manipulation and Cooperation
- Negotiating and Bargaining
- Explicit and Implicit Coercion
What determines the culture of a business?
- Values
- Attitudes
- Beliefs
How can culture be demonstrated?
- Stories
- Rituals
- Reward system
- Physical environment
Handy’s model of culture?
Power
Role
Task
Person
What is power culture?
- Few key people at the centre of the organisation
- They make all major decisions
- Employees refer back for decisions to be made
- Common in small businesses
- Quick decision making
What is role culture?
- Individuals have a clear role
- Identify with a particular department
- As businesses can become more formalised
- Creates order and structure
What is task culture?
- Individuals have a specific task
- Common with many projects
What is person culture?
- Individuals have their own space
- Respects individual expertise
- Not consistent approach
- Senior managers place trust
Hofstede’s national cultures?
- Power distance
- Long-term orientation
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity/femininity
- Individualism and collectivism
What is individualism and collectivism?
- Value individuals or team player
What is power distance?
- Clear sense of rank and status
- Is position important of what you contribute
- Hinders those trying to climb the hierarchy
What is short termism vs long termism?
- Impacts upon investment decision
- Profitability
- Processes and procedures
What is masculinity vs femininity?
Masculine traits - work, competitive, winning
Feminine traits - relationship centered, caring
What is uncertainty avoidance?
- Comfort levels with uncertainty
- Freedom to approach task
What influences the culture of an organisation?
- History for the business
- Current leadership
- Society in general
- Experience and performance of the business
- Ownership
Why are cultures changed?
- New leadership
- Societys values change
- Performance of the business suffers
- New ownership
Issues with changing culture?
- Challenging how things are done
- Peoples beliefs
- May involve training/education
- Large numbers of people in different locations
