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Business A Level > 6.1/6.2/6.3/6.4/6.5 HR > Flashcards

6.1/6.2/6.3/6.4/6.5 HR Flashcards

1
Q

What is HR about?

A

How labour is managed

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2
Q

What are some HR objectives?

A
  • Employee productivity
  • Employee engagement
  • Training
  • Talent development
  • Diversity
  • Alignment of values
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3
Q

External influences to HR?

A 
PESTC
Political
Economic
Social
Technological
Competitive
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4
Q

What data can be used for employee performance?

A
  • Labour productivity
  • Unit labour cost
  • Employees cost as a percentage of revenue
  • Labour turnover and retention
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5
Q

How to calculate labour productivity?

A

total output/units of labour

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6
Q

How to calculate labour turnover?

A

number of staff leaving per year/average no. staff x 100

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7
Q

What factors cause poor staff retention?

A
  • Low wages
  • Inadequate training
  • Low morale/recruitment
  • Ineffective recruitment
  • Redundancy
  • Retirement
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8
Q

Calculate labour retention?

A

no employees employed for a year or more/average no. staff x 100

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9
Q

What are the stages of HR planning?

A
  1. Overall objectives
  2. How HR can be managed
  3. Size/type of workforce
  4. Availability
  5. Recruitment process needed
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10
Q

What is job design?

A

The process of establishing employees’ roles and responsibilities and the systems and procedures that they should use or follow

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11
Q

What is job enlargement?

A

Increases the no. of similar duties

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12
Q

What is job rotation?

A

Employees switch duties regularly

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13
Q

What is job enrichment?

A

When employees jobs are redesigned to provide them with more complex tasks

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14
Q

What is empowerment?

A

Employees decide how they organise and carry out their work

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15
Q

What is in hackman and oldhams method?

A
  • Skill variety
  • Task significance
  • Task identity
  • Autonomy
  • Feedback
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16
Q

Recent development in job design?

A
  • Flexible working times
  • Flexible contract options
  • Flexible locations
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17
Q

What influences job design?

A
  • Businesses overall objectives
  • Employee performance
  • Health and safety (legal requirements)
  • Meeting customer requirements
  • Existing or potential skills of workforce
  • The resources available
  • Expected future developments
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18
Q

What are the types of employee engagement?

A

Intellectual engagement
Affective engagement
Social engagement

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19
Q

What is intellectual engagement?

A

Thinking hard about the job and how to do it better

20
Q

What is affective engagement?

A

Feeling positively about doing a good job

21
Q

What is social engagement?

A

Actively taking opportunities to discuss work related improvement with others at work

22
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation describes the factors that stimulate, maintain and channel behaviour towards a goal.

23
Q

What are the 2 types of motivation?

A
  • Motivation by enjoying the job

- Motivation for a goal or target to achieve

24
Q

What is Taylor’s theory?

A
  • External factor
  • Achieved through money
  • Employees closely watched
  • Paid piece rate
    1. Study work process
    2. Observe best workers
    3. Train remaining workers to standard
    4. Implement pay rates
25
Q

What was Elton Mayo’s theory?

A
  • Sociological theory
  • Motivated by meeting social needs
  • More attention to communication etc.
26
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Self-actualisation
  2. Esteem
  3. Social
  4. Security
  5. Physiological
27
Q

What are some hygiene factors?

A
  • Salary
  • Working conditions
  • Supervision of employees
  • Company policies
28
Q

What is Hertzberg’s theory?

A
  • 2 types that influence motivation
    Motivations: encourage workers to work harder
    Hygiene: become unmotivated if not there
29
Q

How to improve engagement?

A
  • Know how engaged staff are at the time
  • Recruit right managers for this and train them
  • Recognise value of communication
  • Involve senior members
  • Implement actions for employees to value organisation
30
Q

Financial methods of motivation?

A
  • Salary and wages
  • Piece rate
  • Performance Related Pay (bonuses)
  • Profit sharing
  • Share ownership
  • Commission
31
Q

Disadvantages of Performance Related Pay?

A
  • Unfair (may not get on with managers)

- Not sufficient funds in scheme (small rewards)

32
Q

Non-financial motivation?

A
  • Job design
  • Appraisal systems
  • Team working
33
Q

What influences the choice of motivational methods?

A
  • Costs
  • Attitude of management team
  • Training given to management team
  • Skill levels of workforce
  • Importance of public’s perception of business
  • Effectiveness of communication in the business
34
Q

How can employees be represented in negotiations with employers?

A
  • Trade unions
  • Work councils
  • Staff association
35
Q

What is a trade union?

+ their aims

A

Organisation of workers established to protect and improve economic position and working position of its members

  • Maximise pay
  • Safe and secure working conditions
  • Job security
  • Influencing decisions in the workplace
36
Q

How do trade unions achieve their objectives?

A
  • Protection over discrimination, unfair dismissal and health and safety
  • Negotiate pay and conditions through collective bargaining
  • Provide services like legal, training and financial advice
37
Q

How can employers benefit from trade unions?

A
  • Act as a communication link between management and employees
  • Less disputes
38
Q

What is a works council?

A

A forum within a business where workers and management meet to discuss issues such as working conditions, pay and training. Employee representatives are elected

39
Q

What is ICE?

A

Information and Consultation of Employees
Since 2008 they must consult if they are planning: 20 or more redundancies, sell their business or buy a new one, certain changes in persion

40
Q

What is the process of communication?

A 
Sender initiates communication
Message, info that is sent
Medium, how the message is passed on
Receiver, who the message is targeted at
Feedback, was the message understood
41
Q

What type of communication does a business use?

A

Email
Social Media
Intranets
Video Conferencing

42
Q

What could cause difficulties in communication?

A
  • Mergers and takeovers
  • Scale of business
  • Locations
  • Delayering
  • Communication mechanisms
43
Q

2 types of disputes?

A

Avoiding industrial disputes

Resolving industrial disputes

44
Q

What are avoiding industrial disputes?

A
  • No strike and single union agreements

- Advisory, conciliation and arbitration (ACAS)

45
Q

Resolving industrial disputes?

A
  • Arbitration (non-binding, binding or pendulum)
  • Conciliation (a procedure to resolve disputes where a neutral third party encourages the continuation of negotiation
  • Employment tribunals (informal courts where disputes over unfair dismissal or discrimination can be settled)
46
Q

Costs and benefits of good employee/employer relationships for employers?

A
  • Loss of revenue from strike action
  • Lose future sales if seen as unreliable
  • Damage to relationships with employees
  • Seen as risky investment
  • Damage to reputation
  • Help to develop strong employer brand
  • Promoting employee engagement
  • Improving business’ corporate image
47
Q

Costs and benefits of good employee/employer relationships for employees?

A
  • Lose pay
  • Weaken employers finance impacting on job security, training affecting development
  • Employer may become more capital intensive
  • Improvements in pay and conditions
  • Job security
  • Greater participation in decision making

Business A Level (11 decks)

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