Unit 10 Flashcards
What are properties of acids?
- excess of hydrogen ions, H+
- pH below 7
- sour taste
- corrosive and poisonous
- react with active metals (activity series)
- neutralize bases
- turns blue litmus paper red
What are properties of bases?
- excess of hydroxide ions, OH-
- pH above 7
- bitter taste
- caustic (burns the skin)
- slippery
- neutralize acids
- turns red litmus paper blue
What are some examples of strong acids?
- HCl (hydrochloric/stomach acid)
- H₂SO₄ (sulfuric/car battery acid)
- Hl (hydroiodic acid)
- HNO₃ (nitric acid-used to make bombs/munitions)
- HClO₄ (perchloric acid)
- HBr (hydrobromic acid)
What are some examples of weak acids?
- Citric Acid (citrus fruits)
- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
- Acetic Acid (HC₂H₃O₂-Vinegar)
- Formic Acid (ant/bee stings)
- Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin)
- Carbonic Acid (H₂CO₃-all carbonated beverages)
- Tartaric Acid (grapes)
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Lactic Acid (milk/sore muscles)
- Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄-dark-colored carbonated drinks)
- Tannic Acid (tea)
- Malic Acid (apples)
Strong acids will ________ _______ in water. Weak acids do not.
completely ionize
What are some acids commonly used in industry?
- HCl: used to “pickle”/cure steel
- HNO₃: explosives
- H₂SO₄: car batteries
- HClO₄: cure steel
- H₃PO₄: fertilizers
- HC₂H₃O₂: make plastics/tape (vinegar)
acids that contain oxygen, such as sulfuric acid
Oxyacid
acids that contain a hydrogen and one other element, such as HCl
Binary Acids
What are some examples of strong bases?
(✩Made from some of the metals of Groups I and II)
- NaOH (“lye” used in drain cleaners/unclog drains)
- KOH
- LiOH
- Ca(OH)₂ (used to remove hair from cow hide before tanning)
- RbOH
- CsOH
- Sr(OH)₂
- Ba(OH)₂
What are some examples of weak bases?
- Mg(OH)₂: magnesium hydroxide (laxative)
- NaClO: sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
- NH₃: ammonia (glass cleaner/fertilizer)
- CaO: Lime (a fertilizer; also used to create “limelight” when burned at night)
According to Svante Arrhenius, acids are substances that, when placed in water, __________________________________. Bases produce an excess of ____________________.
the amount of hydrogen ions increases; hydroxide ions (increase the hydroxide concentration)
According to the Lewis theory of acids and bases, a Lewis Acid is a species that will ______ a lone pair of electrons. Lewis bases will ______ a lone pair of electrons.
accept, donate
Strong acids will ionized completely to produce the _________ ion when mixed with water.
hydronium
The Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases says that acids are ______ ______ and bases are ______ _________.
proton (H+) donors, proton (H+) acceptors
Water can be classified as both an ____ or a ____ under the Bronsted-Lowry theory. This is termed ___________ or ___________.
acid or a base, Amphoteric or Amphoprotic
acids that have ONE ______ that they are capable of losing during ionization.
Monoprotic Acids
acids that have TWO or MORE _______ that they can lose at a time. (ex. sulfuric acid)
Polyprotic Acids
formed from the gain of a proton
Conjugate Acids
formed from the loss of a proton
Conjugate Bases
the process which occurs when an acid is added to a base. It produces a salt and water.
Neutralization
A salt forms from the ________ ___ of a base and the ________ ___ of an acid
positive ion, negative ion
What is an example of a basic salt with a pH above 7?
Sodium Bicarbonate/Baking soda
strong acid + strong base =
neutral salt
strong acid + weak base =
acidic salt
weak acid + strong base =
basic salt
pH is a measure of the ______________________________.
negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
pH scale is from _ to __.
0 to 14
_ is a very strong acid, __ is a very strong base, and _ is neutral.
0, 14, and 7
pOH is the measure of the ___________ concentration in a substance. 14= pH + pOH
Hydroxide
a process in which a measured amount of a solution of _______ concentration is added to a quantity of a solution of ___________ concentration. The point at which the solution is neutralized is the endpoint. the endpoint is signaled by a change in the ______ of the liquid indication that has been added to it.
Titration, known, unknown, color
a substance which changes color in a certain pH range
Indicator
Indicator that was used in lab that is colorless in acid, baby pink at the end point (or equivalence point), and magenta when the pH is around 10.
Phenolphthalein
The _______ ______ allows you to calculate the concentration of the unknown.
titration formula
Oxidation is the ____ of valence electrons. Most ______ undergo oxidation. Iron will ____, silver will _______.
loss, metals, rust, tarnish
Since electrons are negative, the element becomes __________ charged when losing valence electrons.
positively
Reduction is the ____ of valence electrons. Most _________ will undergo reduction.
gain, nonmetals
If you have _ or less valence electrons, the element will usually undergo oxidation. _ to _ valence electrons will usually undergo reduction.
3, 5 to 7
If you have oxidation, you must have ________.
reduction
Oxidation is ____.
loss
Reduction is ____.
gain
a device in which a chemical reaction either produces or is carried out by an electric current.
Electrochemical Cell
an electrochemical cell that uses electrical current to drive an otherwise non spontaneous reaction
Electrolytic Cell
a gel or piece of paper soaked in a salt like potassium chloride is an example of a ____ ______. This allows ions to be exchanged but does not allow the two solutions to ___.
salt bridge, mix
In an electrochemical cell, such as a battery, reduction occurs at the _______ and oxidation occurs at the _____.
cathode, anode
If a Redox reaction occurs spontaneously and produces an electrical current, it is called _______ or ________.
Voltaic or Galvanic
the amount of energy you can get from a battery (maximum) is stated in _____, (unit of electricity named after __________ _____ who developed the first but crude battery).
volts, Alessandro Volta
found in a lot of batteries but don’t do well in COLD weather
Zn-C dry cell
uses a paste of potassium hydroxide in addition to the items mentioned in the Zn-C cell. Performs better in cold weather.
Alkaline Battery
Ni-Cd battery is ____________.
rechargeable
battery used in pacemakers because of their low voltage and their ability to last up to 10 years (rechargeable, ex. cell phones)
Lithium-iodine
car battery
Lead Storage Battery
liquid hydrogen and oxygen used in spacecraft
fuel cell
nonspontaneous reactions are called ____________ cells. These cells require a current for them to work. (Ex.: electroplating metals)
electrolytic
