UNIT 10

Question 1

is a science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition, and health. People in the fieldwork toward developing an understanding of how the whole body responds to food via systems biology, as well as single gene/single food compound relationships.

Answer 1

nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenomics,

Question 2

originally emerged as a field that studied individuals lacking certain nutrients and the subsequent effects, such as the disease scurvy which results from a lack of vitamin C.

Answer 2

Nutritional science

Question 3

typically focuses on preventative measures, trying to identify what nutrients or foods will raise or lower risks of diseases and damage to the human body.

Answer 3

Nutritional research

Question 4

is one of the most widely studied topics in nutritional genomics.

Answer 4

Obesity

Question 5

Based on _(2008), nutrition support alone does not reverse or cure a disease or injury. It is an adjunctive therapy that enables a patient to meet nutrient needs during curative or palliative therapy

Answer 5

Fuhrman

Question 6

is a lifesaving therapy for patients who are unable to meet nutrient needs orally.

Answer 6

Nutrition support via a feeding tube or intravenous catheter

Question 7

scans have demonstrated that when a patient is in a persistent vegetative state, the brain areas responsible for pain perception do not function.

Answer 7

Positron emission tomography

Question 8

has been shown to benefit competent patients by reducing physical deterioration, improving quality of life, and preventing the emotional effect of “starving the patient to death.”

Answer 8

Nutrition support

Question 9

can be a lifetime commitment for patients with intestinal failure due to either surgical removal or disease/treatment-related impairment of a portion of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 9

Home nutrition support

Question 10

examined the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer on home parenteral nutrition

Answer 10

Bosetti and colleagues

Question 11

an __ is a location where intense medical and surgical treatment is provided.

Answer 11

intensive care unit (ICU)

Question 12

The ____s position paper on providing food and hydration to the terminally ill states, “The patient’s expressed desire is the primary guide for determining the extent of nutrition and hydration.”

Answer 12

American Dietetic Association’

Question 13

Clinical practice guidelines for determining who should be considered for HPN have been published and include the following:

Answer 13

1. The patient has the potential to benefit from PN.
2. The anticipated length of therapy is six months or longer.
3. The patient’s Karnofsky score is greater than 50. (Karnofsky score is a standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks. The Karnofsky Performance Status scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score means the patient is better able to carry out daily activities.)
4. The family and patient can perform the tasks required to infuse PN.
5. The home environment is safe and clean.
6. The patient is available for follow up and monitoring while receiving HPN.

Question 14

The ___ is a well-crafted document that can guide planning at the national and local levels.

Answer 14

Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN)

Question 15

are multi-dimensional phenomena caused by a complex set of interrelated factors.

Answer 15

Food security and nutrition (FSN)

Question 16

2. is one of the major socio-economic causes of variation in nutrient intake, and it also impacts nutrient requirements.

Answer 16

Poverty

Question 17

imposes constraints to live in environments that are less food secure and that have greater potential health risks, including environmental contaminants such as lead, and other heavy metals.

Answer 17

Poverty

Question 18

, cause blood loss, which increases nutrient needs. These parasites generally are more prevalent in poor environments.

Answer 18

Parasites, especially hookworms, Schistosomes, malaria

Question 19

3. , also influence nutritional intake and needs.

Answer 19

Socio-cultural factors, such as religion, food, and social status

Question 20

4. influence what people understand to be edible foods, what they eat, and as such has an impact on which nutrients are consumed and which nutrients may be needed in higher amounts.

Answer 20

Religion and culture

Question 21

Restrictive trade policies in rice could well be the underlying reason why levels of malnutrition have been substantially higher in the Philippines. The government’s goal of 100% rice self-sufficiency has led to domestic rice prices far exceeding world prices and up to twice the levels paid by consumers in other ASEAN countries.

Answer 21

Policy Incoherence

Question 22

Trade distortions, inefficient logistics, postharvest losses, and uncompetitive marketing practices, have the cumulative effect of rising food prices, to the grave detriment of poor consumers, while depressing farm incomes.

Answer 22

Unresponsive food system

Question 23

impacts are magnifying the risks and vulnerabilities that already afflict Philippine agriculture and food production as well as the vulnerable and marginalized families and individuals. These impacts are projected to become more pronounced by 2050 and beyond. The displacements of people for extended periods due to conflict, flooding, earthquake and other disastrous events such as fire have become commonplace and impact harder on the poor and vulnerable populations who generally do not have alternatives or the resources to keep them out of crowded evacuation centers that lack food and sanitation and breed diseases. Malnutrition rapidly increases in these areas.

Answer 23

Climate and other shocks

Question 24

The Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN) is a well-crafted document that can guide planning at the national and local levels. Unfortunately, it has not been well translated and integrated into key development plans: The Philippine Development Plan, sector plans (e.g. agriculture, infrastructure, environment, and natural resources, etc.) and local Nutrition Action Plans and Local Comprehensive Development Plans. Thus nutrition often misses out in local programming and budgeting.

Answer 24

Planning Gap

Question 25

Food security and nutrition (FSN) are multi-dimensional phenomena caused by a complex set of interrelated factors. As a consequence, FSN governance structures are confronted with multiple challenges as the various agencies involved strive to achieve meaningful coordination. Unfortunately, the FSN governance structures are unable to transcend the seemingly inevitable overlap, confusion, and fragmentation of investments/actions across the various actors, both national and local. Within the nutrition and health delivery system, most frontline workers especially the Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS), remain ill-equipped to handle caseloads of households with malnourished children within their communities. These workers labor mostly deprived of tenure, sometimes in difficult environments. Training outcomes often cannot be sustained owing to the frequent turnover of workers. Similarly, the existing agricultural extension system under the jurisdiction of local governments leaves much to be desired, and its responsiveness to the technical and organizational needs of small farmers and fishers has been put into question and needs to be reviewed.

Answer 25

Governance and service delivery gaps

Question 26

Relative to the magnitude of the problem, resources for addressing hunger and malnutrition have been inadequate, and much of those that are available so far have not been placed in high-impact programs. While FSN-related programs have undoubtedly received massive increases since around 2009, these have been directed primarily at other social objectives, without being translated into significantly improved hunger and malnutrition outcomes. Rather, programs directed specifically against hunger and malnutrition appear to have been under-funded, both at the national and especially at the local levels. A significant part of funds provided to FSN may have been wasted due to ineffective or stand-alone programs (e.g. school-based feeding).

Answer 26

Lack of resources

Question 27

Accountability for ending hunger and malnutrition is too dispersed to make a difference in practice. A strong push by the government to exact accountability is considered likely to increase awareness of the hunger and malnutrition problem and heighten the prioritization of solutions. For instance, local officials in areas with stagnant or even worsening indicators in their jurisdictions might be spurred to invest in FSN programs to get better results, while turning from the business as usual approach. Likewise, at the national level, agency heads might be moved to align their sectoral goals if they are made accountable for their contribution to solving the overall problem of worsening hunger and malnutrition.

Answer 27

Weak accountability

Question 28

There is no shortage of programs and interventions to address hunger and malnutrition in the country. However, these have been insufficient to avert hunger and the current public health crisis. Some direct interventions of government can stand improvements to effectively address issues. For instance, micronutrient fortification is marked by low compliance. In the health care system, key nutrition interventions (e.g. the First 1,000 Days) become just a part of the long list of health promotion and service delivery activities undertaken by frontline workers in health centers and the community. Large-scale supplementary feeding programs are difficult to sustain without external support and have an unclear impact on the nutritional status of children. Rice subsidies are poorly targeted, with a considerable leakage of benefits to the non-poor.

Answer 28

Implementation gaps