Unit 1 Vocab and Ppl Flashcards
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, rely on observation and experimentation.
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt established the first psych lab at the Uni of Leipzig, Germany
Edward Bradfor Tichener
Used introspection to search for the minds structural elements.
Structuralism
early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. Tichener and Wundt.
Functionalism
early school of thought explored how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable organisms to adapt survive and flourish. James and Darwin.
William James and Mary Whiton Calkins
James was a teacher writer who autored an important 1890 psych text. He mentored Calkins who was a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman president of the American Psychologial Assosiation.
Margaret Floy Washburn
The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.,
Washburn synthesized animal behavior
research in The Animal Mind.
Experimental Psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Working with Rayner, Watson championed
psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as “Little
Albert.”
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies
behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research
psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Humanistic Psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.
Cognitive Neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
B. F. Skinner
leading behaviorist, skinner rejected
introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Controversial ideas of this personality theorist and therapist have influenced huanitys self understanding.
Charles Darwin
natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.
Natural Selection
principle that, among many inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on.
Levels of Analysis
Differing ways to view a phenomenon, biological, psychological, and social-cultural.
Biopsychosocial Approach
integrated approach that incorporates all levels of analysis.
Psychological Influnces
- learned fears and other learned
expectations - emotional responses
- cognitive processing and
perceptual interpretations
Biological influences
- natural selection of adaptive
traits - genetic predispositions responding
to environment - brain mechanisms
- hormonal influences
Social Cultural Influences
- presence of others
- cultural, societal, and family expectations
- peer and other group influences
- compelling models (such as in the media)
Behavioral Psychology
focuses on observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning
Biological psychology
study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal.) and psychological processes.
Cognitive psychology
study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communicating.
Evolutionary psychology
study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.
Psychodynamic psychology
studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with disorders.
Social-cultural psychology
study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
Psychometriscs
study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Basic Research
pure science that aims to increase the knowledge base.
Developmental psychology
studies physical, cognitive, and social change through life span.
Educational psychology
study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.`
Personality psychology
study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting.
Social psychology
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Industrial-Organizational psychology
application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
Counseling psychology
assists people with problems in living (work, school, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being.
Clinical psychology
studies, asseses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry
branch of MEDICINE dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who medicate.
Positive psychology
study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Community psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
Testing Effect
better memory when being tested rather than when rereading
SQ3R
a study method involving, Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
