Unit 1: The Italian Renaissance Flashcards
Spread in the 15th century
started in Italy, spread across Europe
Renaissance Main Ideas
revival of classical texts and new humanist values
Renaissance New Ideas
scientific and secular views
European Renaissance Society
growing national consciousness and political centralization
European Renaissance Economy
urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism
European Renaissance Culture
secular thought and culture
City- States
controlled political and economic life
City-State Social Structure
led to new class of urban rich made up of local nobility and newly rich
5 major city-states
Milan, Florence, Venice, Naples, and the Papal States
Oligarchies
hired strongmen to maintain law and order, used absolute power in a cruel way
Rise of Diplomacy
rise of warfare and political turbulence
Despotism
despots (oligarchies) created embassies and appointed ambassadors
Printing Press
spread ideas and dissemination of knowledge from classical and modern texts
Challenges to the legitimacy of the Catholic Church
definition of intellectual changed, legitimacy of “intellectuals” in power challenged
Individualism
the separation of one’s self from the crown and divine being
Catholic Church and Universities
power and teachings challenged with basis of secularism and individualism
Education Shift
towards classical texts and scientific methods
Naturalism
to portray human philosophical ideals by portraying art and the environment realistically
Geometric Perspective
geometric line and vanishing point to give illusion of depth and space to painting
Focus on Art
concept of patronage and interest in art grew
Religious Ideals
illegitimacy of the Catholic Church encouraged individual approaches to religion
“Renaissance Man”
humanism and centering man in everything lead to idea of well-rounded individual
Lorenzo Valla
gave humanist movement ideas of illegitimate papal authority
Donatello
sculptured from marble, bronze, and wood that used individuality to represent anatomy correctly
Italian Renaissance Texts
emphasis on classical texts
Italian Renaissance Art
more mythological depictions, less everyday naturalism
Italian Renaissance reform
less on religion and more on intellectual reforms in history, literature, and human anatomy
Political Fragmentation
secular states popularized
Jean Bodin
believed sovereignty must be absolute and undivided
Hugo Grotius
created modern policies and theories for resorting to war
Merchants and Financiers during Spanish Monarchial expansion
gaining power and ascending in social strata
Main Idea #1
Revival of classical texts led to new methods and values in society and religion
1a. Petrach, Valla, Ficini, Mirandola
Italian Renaissance humanists promoted revival
1b. Printing Press
Spread ideas that shifted education from theology to classical texts
1c. Greek and Roman Politics
created secular models
Main Idea #2
Printing aided the dissemination of new ideas
2a. Printing
spread Renaissance ideas beyond Italy
2b. Martin Luther
used it to spread Protestant Reformation ideas
Main Idea #3
Visual arts prompted personal, political, and religious goals of the Renaissance
3a. Italian Renaissance artists
were commissioned to incorporate classical styles
3b. Northern Renaissance naturalism
was more human based because of religious focus
3c. Mannerist and Baroque
art styles that used distortion, drama, and illusion
Main Idea #4
New scientific ideas challenged classical views
4a. Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
innovations in astronomy led to heliocentrism
4b. Medical and anatomical discoveries by William Harvey
challenged Greek physician Galen
Bacon and Descartes
came up with new mathematical methods to promote experimentation
Paracelsus and Cardano
some of the few natural philosophers that continued to hold traditionalistic views
