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English Phonology: Pronunciation > UNIT 1. THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH > Flashcards

UNIT 1. THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It is defined as the scientific study of human language by focusing on it from several perspectives as its grammatical, morphological, lexical and sound systems.

A

Linguistics

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2
Q

What are the main branches of Linguistics

A

Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

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3
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It studies sounds

A

Phonetics

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4
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It studies the sound system of particular human languages.

A

Phonology

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5
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It studies the formation of words from smaller units of meaning called morphemes

A

Morphology

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6
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It deals with the rules that govern the formation of phrases, clauses and sentences.

A

Syntax

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7
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It deals with the relationship between language use and society.

A

Pragmatics

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8
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds like: their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status.

A

Phonetics

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9
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds. It deals with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including pitch and rhyme, articulatory features, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured in order to convey linguistic meaning.

A

Phonology

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10
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Phonemes - Suprasegmental Features

A

Features of pronunciation

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11
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Consonants and vowels

A

Phonemes

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12
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Voiced and Unvoiced

A

Consonants

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13
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Singles Vowels - Diphthongs

A

Vowels

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14
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Short and Long

A

Single Vowels

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15
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Intonation and Stress

A

Suprasegmental features

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16
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Word Stress and Sentence Stress

A

Stress

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17
Q

What does the following description refer to?

are speech sounds as they are perceived, that is to say, it is pronunciation

A

Phonemes

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18
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is a perceived unit of language that signals a difference in meaning when contrasted to another phoneme

A

Phoneme

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19
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Are different sounds within a language.

A

Phonemes

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20
Q

What does the following description refer to?

They occur when the vocal cords in the larynx are vibrated. If you are producing an unvoiced sound, you will feel a vibration. If you are producing an unvoiced sound (voiceless), you will not.

A

Voice or Unvoiced sound

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21
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Vowel sounds are all voiced, and may be single (like /e/, as in /let/), or a combination, involving a movement from one vowel sound to another (/ei/ as in Late), such combination are know as __________

A

Diphthongs

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22
Q

What does the following description refer to?

This term is used to describe the combination of three vowel sounds (like /aʊə/ in our and power)

A

Triphthongs

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23
Q

What does the following descritpion refer to?

There are 20 vowels and 24 consonants.

A

Spoken English

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24
Q

Complete the information:

Phonemes are units of sound that we can analyse. They also know as _______.

A

Segments

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25
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Are features of speech which generally apply to groups of segments, or phonemes.

A

Suprasegmental Features

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26
Q

What does the following description refer to?

has a Greek origin (diphthongs ), and means “two sounds” or “two tones”.

A

diphthong

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27
Q

What does the following description refer to?

A diphthong is also called a _______ since it refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.

A

gliding vowel

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28
Q

Complete the information:

(or semivowel) is a sound, such as English / w/ or /y/, that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary rather than as the nucleus a syllable

A

glide

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29
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is a compound vowel sound resulting from the succession of three simple vowel sounds and functions as one unit.

A

Triphthong

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30
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It also has a Greek origin and means “with three sounds,” or “with three tones”. It is characterized by a vowel combination involving a quick, but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another.

A

Triphthong

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31
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the manner speech sounds function and how they are affected at the sentence and discourse levels; that is to say, over multiple sound segments that combine to make phrases, clauses, and sentences

A

Suprasegmental

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32
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the manner speech sounds function and how they are affected at the sentence and discourse levels; that is to say, over multiple sound segments that combine to make phrases, clauses, and sentences

A

Suprasegmental

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33
Q

What are the suprasegmental aspects of speech?

A 
–length
–tone
–intonation
–syllable structure
–stress–pitch
–utterance
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34
Q

What does the following description refer to?

can be defined as a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants”

A

Syllabe

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35
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to a segment of speech that consists of a vowel sound that usually accompanies consonant sounds

A

syllable

36
Q

What does the following description refer to?

describes the prominence of a syllable.

A

Stress

37
Q

What does the following description refer to?

in speech is defined as the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Then pitch is an auditory sensation. When we hear a regularly vibrating sound such as a note played on a musical instrument, or a vowel produced by the human voice, we hear a high pitch if the rate of vibration is high and a low pitch if the rate of vibration is low.

A

Pitch

38
Q

What does the follwing description refer to?

Is the way, in which the pitch of the voice goes up and down in the course of an utterance.

A

Intonation

39
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It is used rather than sentence, as it referts to anything we say including grammatically incomplete sentences, and to different ways of saying the same sentence.

A

Utterance

40
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It is a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.

A

Tone

41
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the variation in pitch that is used to convey meaning to sentence at discourse level.It can also be described as the variations in the pitch of the voice in connected speech. It plays an important role in the meaning of a sentence, statement, or phrase

A

Intonation

42
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the duration, or quantity, of a sound. Unlike stress and tone, which refer to entire syllables, it describes the duration of a particular sound segmen

A

Length

43
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is a stretch of speech between two periods of silence or a potential or perceived silence.

A

Utterance

44
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It describes the speech organs which participate in the production of the speech sounds and explains how the sounds are produced. Analyze the diagram and pay attention to its components.

A

Psychology of pronunciation

45
Q

What does the following description refer to?

(lungs) – provides the air which is used in the production of most speech sounds.

A

Respiratoy apparatus

46
Q

What does the following description refer to?

vocal cords) – generates most of the energy in speech sounds.

A

Larynx

47
Q

What does the following description refer to?

(mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity), which act as resonators for the laryngeal tone.

A

Supraglottal Cavities

48
Q

Complete the information:

According to their functions, the organs of speech are sub-divided into

A

Articulators and places (points) of articulation

49
Q

What does the following description refer to?

are movable parts of the vocal tract.

A

articulators

50
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Vowels are produced when the airstream is voiced through the vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx, and then shaped using the tongue and the lips to modify the overall shape of the mouth, the position of the tongue is a useful reference point for describing the differences between vowel sounds.

A

The articulaton of vowels

51
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Vowels are harder to describe than consonants because they have an open vocal tract, so the tongue does not actually touch the upper surface of the vocal tract at any particular place. Instead, different vowels are described in terms of the ways in which the tongue and lips move

A

The articulation of vowels

52
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Plosive
Affricate
Fricative
Nasal
Lateral
Approximant
A

Manner of Articulation

53
Q

What does the following description refer to?

are produced with some degree of air obstruction, ranging from the complete stoppage of air, as in the sounds p, t, k, b, d, g, v, h to very little air obstruction – as in the sounds s, z, ʃ, r,dʒ,ʒ,tʃ (soul, zeal, shine, rock, jeans, pleasure, chalk).

A

Articulation of consonants

54
Q

What does the following description refer to?

A complete closure is made somewhere in the vocal tract and the soft palate is also raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure and is then released “explosively”. E.g. /p/ /b/

A

Plosive

55
Q

What does the following description refer to?

A complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure and is then released more slowly than in plosives. e.g /tʃ/ /dʒ/

A

Affricate

56
Q

What does the following description refer to?

when two vocal orangs come close enough together for the movement of air between them to be heard, e.g. /f/ /v/

A

Fricative

57
Q

What does the following description refer to?

A closure is made by the lips, or by the tongue against the palate, the soft palate is lowered, and air escapes through the nose. /m/ /n/

A

Nasal

58
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Partial closure is made by the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Air is able to flow around the sides of the tongue. e.g. /l/

A

Lateral

59
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Vocal organs come near to each other, but not so close as to cause audible friction.
e.g. /w/ /r/

A

Approximant

60
Q

What do the following items refer to?

Bilabial
Labio-dental
Alveolar
Palato-alveolar
palatal
Velar
Glottal
A

Place of articulation

61
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Using closing movement of both lips e.g. /p/ and /m/

A

Bilabial

62
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Using the lower lip and the upper teeth. e.g /f/ and /v/

A

Labio dental

63
Q

What does the following description refer to?

The tongue tip is used either between the teeth or close to the upper teeth. e.g. /θ/ and /ð/

A

Dental

64
Q

What does the following description refer to?

The blade of the tongue is used to close the alveolar ridge e.g. /t/ and /s/

A

Alveolar

65
Q

What does the following description refer to?

The blade ot tip of the tongue is used just behind the alveolar ridge, e.g. /tʃ/ /dʒ/

A

Palato alveolar

66
Q

What does the following description refer to?

the front of the tongue is raised close to the palate e.g /j/

A

Palatal

67
Q

What does the following description refer to?

the back of the tongue is used against the soft palate e.g. /k/ and /ŋ/

A

velar

68
Q

What does the following description refer to?

the gap between the vocal cords is used to make audible friction, e.g /h/

A

Glottal

69
Q

Complete the information:

When writing in English, we use ____ vowels and ____ consonants letters.
When speaking in English we tipically use ____ different vowel sounds, including _____ diphthongs, and ____ consonant sounds.

A 
5
21
-
20
12
24
70
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is a generic label for movements or positions of the speech organs

A

Phonetic features

71
Q

What do the following items refer to?

The lip, the flexible front of the tongue, the middle/back of the tongue, the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis and the larynx

A

basic active articulators

72
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the place of the vocal cord where the sound is produced, or where there is the most contact, or near contact, of articulators.

A

place of articulation

73
Q

What does the following description refer to?

describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. The manner of articulation thus refers to the degree of air obstruction and the way in which the breath stream is released, that is from sudden to gradual.

A

manner of articulation

74
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the audible escape of air following certain consonant sounds. To better understand this speech phenomenon, you can put a hand or a lit candle in front of your mouth, and say the words pin ([phɪn]) and then bin ([bɪn]).

A

Aspiration

75
Q

What does the following description refer to?

refers to sound changes whereby a consonant changes its type of voicing from voiceless to voiced, or vice versa, due to the influence of its phonological environment

A

Voicing

76
Q

What does the following description refer to?

– studies speech sounds as physical objects. It is an empirical science based on the observation of facts.

A

Phonetics

77
Q

What does the following description refer to?

– studies human speech sounds, how these sounds are produced and methods for their classification.

A

Phonetics

78
Q

What does the following description refer to?

– is concerned with the human sound-producing capacity and analyzes the whole range of possible speech sounds.

A

Phonetics

79
Q

What does the following description refer to?

Is the study of speech sounds, their physical properties, the way they are received and decoded by the brain, and the way they are produced. (Rowe, 2009)

A

Phonetics

80
Q

What does the following description refer to?

it studies the nature and limits of human ability to produce speech sounds and describes the way these sounds are delivered (Fasold, 2006).

A

Articulatory Phonetics

81
Q

What does the following description refer to?

it studies the physical properties of speech sounds; frequency, amplitude during sound transmission from speaker to hearer, from mouth to ear

A

Acoustic phonetics

82
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is the field of study devoted to the investigation of sound waves: it is the study of the physical properties of sound (Fasold, 2006).

A

Articulatory Phonetics

83
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is concerned with hearing and perception of speech; our response to speech sounds as received through the ear and brain (Fasold, 2006).

A

Auditory phonetics

84
Q

What does the following description refer to?

is a branch of linguistics. It is an overall description of the sounds of a given language.

A

Phonology

85
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It’s strictly physical. it’s not about meaning.

A

phonetics

86
Q

What does the following description refer to?

It is both physical and meaningful.

A

Phonology

87
Q

Complete the following information:

The study of pronunciation consists of two fields, namely _________ and ___________. The first one refer to the study of _______ _________.
The other one is primarly concerned with how we __________ and _____________ sounds.

A 
Phonetics
Phonology 
Speech Sounds
Interprete 
Systematize

English Phonology: Pronunciation (7 decks)

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