UNIT 1. THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH Flashcards
What does the following description refer to?
It is defined as the scientific study of human language by focusing on it from several perspectives as its grammatical, morphological, lexical and sound systems.
Linguistics
What are the main branches of Linguistics
Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics
What does the following description refer to?
It studies sounds
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
It studies the sound system of particular human languages.
Phonology
What does the following description refer to?
It studies the formation of words from smaller units of meaning called morphemes
Morphology
What does the following description refer to?
It deals with the rules that govern the formation of phrases, clauses and sentences.
Syntax
What does the following description refer to?
It deals with the relationship between language use and society.
Pragmatics
What does the following description refer to?
It is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds like: their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status.
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds. It deals with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including pitch and rhyme, articulatory features, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured in order to convey linguistic meaning.
Phonology
What do the following items refer to?
Phonemes - Suprasegmental Features
Features of pronunciation
What do the following items refer to?
Consonants and vowels
Phonemes
What do the following items refer to?
Voiced and Unvoiced
Consonants
What do the following items refer to?
Singles Vowels - Diphthongs
Vowels
What do the following items refer to?
Short and Long
Single Vowels
What do the following items refer to?
Intonation and Stress
Suprasegmental features
What do the following items refer to?
Word Stress and Sentence Stress
Stress
What does the following description refer to?
are speech sounds as they are perceived, that is to say, it is pronunciation
Phonemes
What does the following description refer to?
is a perceived unit of language that signals a difference in meaning when contrasted to another phoneme
Phoneme
What does the following description refer to?
Are different sounds within a language.
Phonemes
What does the following description refer to?
They occur when the vocal cords in the larynx are vibrated. If you are producing an unvoiced sound, you will feel a vibration. If you are producing an unvoiced sound (voiceless), you will not.
Voice or Unvoiced sound
What does the following description refer to?
Vowel sounds are all voiced, and may be single (like /e/, as in /let/), or a combination, involving a movement from one vowel sound to another (/ei/ as in Late), such combination are know as __________
Diphthongs
What does the following description refer to?
This term is used to describe the combination of three vowel sounds (like /aʊə/ in our and power)
Triphthongs
What does the following descritpion refer to?
There are 20 vowels and 24 consonants.
Spoken English
Complete the information:
Phonemes are units of sound that we can analyse. They also know as _______.
Segments
What does the following description refer to?
Are features of speech which generally apply to groups of segments, or phonemes.
Suprasegmental Features
What does the following description refer to?
has a Greek origin (diphthongs ), and means “two sounds” or “two tones”.
diphthong
What does the following description refer to?
A diphthong is also called a _______ since it refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.
gliding vowel
Complete the information:
(or semivowel) is a sound, such as English / w/ or /y/, that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary rather than as the nucleus a syllable
glide
What does the following description refer to?
is a compound vowel sound resulting from the succession of three simple vowel sounds and functions as one unit.
Triphthong
What does the following description refer to?
It also has a Greek origin and means “with three sounds,” or “with three tones”. It is characterized by a vowel combination involving a quick, but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another.
Triphthong
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the manner speech sounds function and how they are affected at the sentence and discourse levels; that is to say, over multiple sound segments that combine to make phrases, clauses, and sentences
Suprasegmental
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the manner speech sounds function and how they are affected at the sentence and discourse levels; that is to say, over multiple sound segments that combine to make phrases, clauses, and sentences
Suprasegmental
What are the suprasegmental aspects of speech?
–length –tone –intonation –syllable structure –stress–pitch –utterance
What does the following description refer to?
can be defined as a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants”
Syllabe
What does the following description refer to?
refers to a segment of speech that consists of a vowel sound that usually accompanies consonant sounds
syllable
What does the following description refer to?
describes the prominence of a syllable.
Stress
What does the following description refer to?
in speech is defined as the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Then pitch is an auditory sensation. When we hear a regularly vibrating sound such as a note played on a musical instrument, or a vowel produced by the human voice, we hear a high pitch if the rate of vibration is high and a low pitch if the rate of vibration is low.
Pitch
What does the follwing description refer to?
Is the way, in which the pitch of the voice goes up and down in the course of an utterance.
Intonation
What does the following description refer to?
It is used rather than sentence, as it referts to anything we say including grammatically incomplete sentences, and to different ways of saying the same sentence.
Utterance
What does the following description refer to?
It is a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.
Tone
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the variation in pitch that is used to convey meaning to sentence at discourse level.It can also be described as the variations in the pitch of the voice in connected speech. It plays an important role in the meaning of a sentence, statement, or phrase
Intonation
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the duration, or quantity, of a sound. Unlike stress and tone, which refer to entire syllables, it describes the duration of a particular sound segmen
Length
What does the following description refer to?
is a stretch of speech between two periods of silence or a potential or perceived silence.
Utterance
What does the following description refer to?
It describes the speech organs which participate in the production of the speech sounds and explains how the sounds are produced. Analyze the diagram and pay attention to its components.
Psychology of pronunciation
What does the following description refer to?
(lungs) – provides the air which is used in the production of most speech sounds.
Respiratoy apparatus
What does the following description refer to?
vocal cords) – generates most of the energy in speech sounds.
Larynx
What does the following description refer to?
(mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity), which act as resonators for the laryngeal tone.
Supraglottal Cavities
Complete the information:
According to their functions, the organs of speech are sub-divided into
Articulators and places (points) of articulation
What does the following description refer to?
are movable parts of the vocal tract.
articulators
What does the following description refer to?
Vowels are produced when the airstream is voiced through the vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx, and then shaped using the tongue and the lips to modify the overall shape of the mouth, the position of the tongue is a useful reference point for describing the differences between vowel sounds.
The articulaton of vowels
What does the following description refer to?
Vowels are harder to describe than consonants because they have an open vocal tract, so the tongue does not actually touch the upper surface of the vocal tract at any particular place. Instead, different vowels are described in terms of the ways in which the tongue and lips move
The articulation of vowels
What do the following items refer to?
Plosive Affricate Fricative Nasal Lateral Approximant
Manner of Articulation
What does the following description refer to?
are produced with some degree of air obstruction, ranging from the complete stoppage of air, as in the sounds p, t, k, b, d, g, v, h to very little air obstruction – as in the sounds s, z, ʃ, r,dʒ,ʒ,tʃ (soul, zeal, shine, rock, jeans, pleasure, chalk).
Articulation of consonants
What does the following description refer to?
A complete closure is made somewhere in the vocal tract and the soft palate is also raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure and is then released “explosively”. E.g. /p/ /b/
Plosive
What does the following description refer to?
A complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure and is then released more slowly than in plosives. e.g /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Affricate
What does the following description refer to?
when two vocal orangs come close enough together for the movement of air between them to be heard, e.g. /f/ /v/
Fricative
What does the following description refer to?
A closure is made by the lips, or by the tongue against the palate, the soft palate is lowered, and air escapes through the nose. /m/ /n/
Nasal
What does the following description refer to?
Partial closure is made by the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Air is able to flow around the sides of the tongue. e.g. /l/
Lateral
What does the following description refer to?
Vocal organs come near to each other, but not so close as to cause audible friction.
e.g. /w/ /r/
Approximant
What do the following items refer to?
Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar palatal Velar Glottal
Place of articulation
What does the following description refer to?
Using closing movement of both lips e.g. /p/ and /m/
Bilabial
What does the following description refer to?
Using the lower lip and the upper teeth. e.g /f/ and /v/
Labio dental
What does the following description refer to?
The tongue tip is used either between the teeth or close to the upper teeth. e.g. /θ/ and /ð/
Dental
What does the following description refer to?
The blade of the tongue is used to close the alveolar ridge e.g. /t/ and /s/
Alveolar
What does the following description refer to?
The blade ot tip of the tongue is used just behind the alveolar ridge, e.g. /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Palato alveolar
What does the following description refer to?
the front of the tongue is raised close to the palate e.g /j/
Palatal
What does the following description refer to?
the back of the tongue is used against the soft palate e.g. /k/ and /ŋ/
velar
What does the following description refer to?
the gap between the vocal cords is used to make audible friction, e.g /h/
Glottal
Complete the information:
When writing in English, we use ____ vowels and ____ consonants letters.
When speaking in English we tipically use ____ different vowel sounds, including _____ diphthongs, and ____ consonant sounds.
5 21 - 20 12 24
What does the following description refer to?
is a generic label for movements or positions of the speech organs
Phonetic features
What do the following items refer to?
The lip, the flexible front of the tongue, the middle/back of the tongue, the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis and the larynx
basic active articulators
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the place of the vocal cord where the sound is produced, or where there is the most contact, or near contact, of articulators.
place of articulation
What does the following description refer to?
describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. The manner of articulation thus refers to the degree of air obstruction and the way in which the breath stream is released, that is from sudden to gradual.
manner of articulation
What does the following description refer to?
refers to the audible escape of air following certain consonant sounds. To better understand this speech phenomenon, you can put a hand or a lit candle in front of your mouth, and say the words pin ([phɪn]) and then bin ([bɪn]).
Aspiration
What does the following description refer to?
refers to sound changes whereby a consonant changes its type of voicing from voiceless to voiced, or vice versa, due to the influence of its phonological environment
Voicing
What does the following description refer to?
– studies speech sounds as physical objects. It is an empirical science based on the observation of facts.
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
– studies human speech sounds, how these sounds are produced and methods for their classification.
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
– is concerned with the human sound-producing capacity and analyzes the whole range of possible speech sounds.
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
Is the study of speech sounds, their physical properties, the way they are received and decoded by the brain, and the way they are produced. (Rowe, 2009)
Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
it studies the nature and limits of human ability to produce speech sounds and describes the way these sounds are delivered (Fasold, 2006).
Articulatory Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
it studies the physical properties of speech sounds; frequency, amplitude during sound transmission from speaker to hearer, from mouth to ear
Acoustic phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
is the field of study devoted to the investigation of sound waves: it is the study of the physical properties of sound (Fasold, 2006).
Articulatory Phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
is concerned with hearing and perception of speech; our response to speech sounds as received through the ear and brain (Fasold, 2006).
Auditory phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
is a branch of linguistics. It is an overall description of the sounds of a given language.
Phonology
What does the following description refer to?
It’s strictly physical. it’s not about meaning.
phonetics
What does the following description refer to?
It is both physical and meaningful.
Phonology
Complete the following information:
The study of pronunciation consists of two fields, namely _________ and ___________. The first one refer to the study of _______ _________.
The other one is primarly concerned with how we __________ and _____________ sounds.
Phonetics Phonology Speech Sounds Interprete Systematize
