Unit 1 Test: Progressives Flashcards
What was the Progressive Movement?
a period in American history where people all over the country tried to reform and improve problems that they saw
What “type” of people were the Progressives?
- middle class women & men
- people who were living in the city
- doctors
- lawyers
- social workers
- educators etc.
What were the 3 roots of Progressivism?
Political, Social, & Economic
Who were the Muckrakers?
they were journalists of the early 1900s who exposed the widespread political & social abuses during the progressive era
Why were the Muckrakers important?
they were important because they helped to increase the public awareness of troubling issues in society at the time
What impact did the Muckrakers have during the Progressive Era?
they created a public demand to reform governments, promote social welfare, and good living conditions for all
How did Americans feel towards Immigrants?
- felt discomfort
- Factory owners would use them for cheap labor
- Chinese Exclusion Act
What is a Labor Union?
group of workers united in order to promote & protect their mutual interests & causes
What was Amendment 16?
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment (divide) among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration ( no matter population of state )
What was Amendment 17?
people have the right to vote on policies based on what they think without any preassure of others
What is direct democracy?
people have the right to vote for whatever policies they want without any preassure from people
What was Amendment 18?
made illegal the manufacture, transportation, and sale of liquor
What was Amendment 19?
prohibits the US and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the US on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to vote
What are the 3 R’s?
Referendum, Reform, & Recall
Who were the top 3 Progressive Presidents?
- Theodore Roosevelt
- William Howard Taft
- Woodrow Wilson
How was Roosevelt a good Progressive?
- Pure Food & Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Consumer Protection Act
- “Teddy” & National Park System
How was Taft a good Progressive?
- lowering tariffs
- Payne Bill which lowered rates on imported manufactured goods
What causes did women in the Progressive Movement champion during the 1900s?
- promote suffrage
- better schools
- the regulation of child labor
- liquor prohibition
- women in unions
- women’s right to vote
Who were some key women leaders?
- Jane Addams: Hull House
- Rose Schneiderman: National Women’s Trade Union League
- Ida Tarbell vs. Standard Oil Company
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890?
prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce and consequently prohibits unfair monopolies
What was the lasting legacy of the Progressive Movement?
- Amendment 16, 17, 18, 19
- Regulation of big monopolies
- National Park System
- Sanitation of living conditions & cities
What were some Economic improvements that Progressives strove for?
- Working conditions (Labor Unions, taxation, etc.)
What were some Social improvements that Progressives strove for?
- Sanitation (City clean ups, Food & Drug Act, etc.)
What were some Political improvements that Progressives strove for?
- Adding Laws (Amendment 16,17,18,19)
What goals did Progressives have?
- better life in America
- fought to reform the government at all levels
- progressivism focused on unsafe working & loving conditions
- wanted a more Democratic government
How did every region of the US reform?
- East: rapid urbanization
- South: cotton, sharecropping
- West: conservation & expansion
What were the living conditions like in urban parts of the US?
- cramped
- shared with other families
- poor sanitation
- buildings constructed with cheap materials
What were some causes that Muckrakers fought for?
- changes in workplace
- ending child labor
- public health and personal morality
- prohibit monopolies
Differences of Closed Shops vs. Open Shops
- Closed Shops: there being restrictions, a place of work where membership in a union is a condition for being hired and for continued employment
- Open Shops: anyone can join, employees in a place of work are not required to join a labor union
What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?
- closed shop
- excluded unskilled workers (immigrants blacks)
- a national union that provided resources and support to trade and craft workers
Who was Samuel Gompers?
Gompers was the first president of AFL
What was the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?
a labor organization that sought to organize workers along the lines of industrial unions rather than the specialized trade, or craft, unions of the AFL
What was the life like many American Laborers?
- worked 10 hour shifts
- no medical benefits, retirement plans, or workers compensation
- endured child labor
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act?
establishes a federal minimum wage of 25 cents per hour & the bill is signed into law by Franklin Roosevelt
How did Schneiderman make an impact during the Progressive Era?
- pushed for better safety conditions in workplaces
- stood up for the NYC 1911 Triangle Burning
- improving wages & working hours
What were the 3 key areas the Progressives sought changes in?
1) get women the right to vote
2) passing laws to improve quality of life
3) improve economic wages
What did women do in the Progressive Era?
- wanted a greater role
- attended universities
What does WASP stand for?
- White, Anglo, Saxon, Protestant
Who was Frances Willaid?
president of Women’s Christian Temperance Union
What years had big wave movements?
- 1840-1860: Northern Europe
- 1880-1920: Southern Europe
- 1950-1995: South-East Asia
- 1900, 1960-2007: Hispanic
- 2000-Present: Africa
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
it was a law restricting immigration into the US, 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the US
Who was Thomas Nast?
a political cartoonist who exposed illiterate/semi-literate New York Marcy Tweed’s graft
What does Referendum mean?
let people decide on a piece of legislation
What are some shortcomings of the Progressive Era?
- Immigration Laws
- Minimum Wage
Why didn’t Progressives fight harder for immigrants?
because they believed that they should be helping people already in America and improving their lives. Progressives didn’t look to expand their country or accept more immigrants.
Who is Upton Sinclair?
raised public awareness of the unsanitary conditions in food processing plants and the resulting danger of bad food
What was the Shame of the Cities about and who wrote it?
Lincoln Steffens wrote the Shame of the Cities to report on the workings of corrupt political machines in several major cities in the US
Who was Jacob Riis?
- an immigrant from 1870
- worked as a police reporter who focused largely on uncovering the conditions of these tenement slums
- used photography to reveal the dire conditions in the most densely populated city in America
- wrote ‘How the Other Half Lives”
- pushed to improve living conditions
What was the novel ‘The Jungle’ about?
follows an immigrant who came to the US in the hope of living the American dream –> evil of capitalism
What was the status revolution?
trying to get lower classes to move upward instead of staying in lower class
How was Ida Tarbell important?
she targeted the Standard oil Compony and their unfairness toward the American economy and how their control of the pipe-lines was bad
Why did Progressives feel that local, state, and national governments must be made to be more responsive to the people?
since it is the citizens of America who keep the traditional values of America and hold the roots of the country
What is progressivism?
political, economic, and social movement to improve human conditions
What are the 3 reasons Americans hated immigrants?
- Land
- Jobs
- Property
Who were the owners of the NYC 1911 fire building?
Isaac Harris & Max Blank
What does cost-of-living-adjustment mean?
it means to put an increase to people’s benefits to make up for higher inflation
What was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union?
a religious organization whose primary purpose was to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society
What was the NAACP?
- works to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
