Unit 1 test A & B

Question 1

Traditional psychology typically uses group studies to evaluate independent variables by comparing:

a) Groups to single subjects
b) Group means
c) Repeated measures over time
d) Single subjects to each other

Answer 1

b) Group Means

Question 2

Which of the following is a major reason EAB is useful to behavioral pharmacology?

a) EAB uses no statistics so provides quick evaluation of drug effectiveness without the need for complex math or repeated measures
b) Most drug researchers are skilled in EAB procedures, which translate easily into medical and pharmacological settings and journals
c) EAB procedures can produce predictable response rates at will, which can be used as baselines for studying the effect of drugs on behavior
d) EAB allows for a rapid comparison of groups across time, and so is a perfect analytical tool for drug researchers.

Answer 2

c) EAB procedures can produce predictable response rates at will, which can be used as baselines for studying the effect of drugs on behavior

Question 3

In the “pole jumping” experiment, the antipsychotic drug Thorazine disrupted X but not Y behavior.

a) X = Escape Y = Reinforcement
b) X = Punishment Y = Avoidance
c) X = Reinforcement Y = Punishment
d) X = Avoidance Y = Escape

Answer 3

d) X = Avoidance Y = Escape

Question 4

Dr. Blakely outlined 4 ways a drug can be classified, including all of the following, except classification by_______.

a) Potency
b) Generation
c) Behavioral effect
d) Therapeutic use

Answer 4

a) Potency

Question 5

A does response curve is used to measure

a) The half life of a drug
b) The effect of the drug related to dosage level
c) The delay on onset of the drug
d) What behaviors are affected by the drug

Answer 5

b) The effect of the drug related to dosage level

Question 6

Tammy begins to say, “I see a black cat…I see a black cat” repeatedly in her group home. Within about an hour, she is screaming about cats, and engaging in property destruction and continuous attempts at hitting others. This situation continues for several hours, and eventually the police are called. Tammy is taken to a psychiatric facility’s crisis management unit. Upon admission, the attending physician gives Tammy a shot of Clozapine, an anti-psychotic medication. This shot represents which of the following, regarding the emergency use of medication?

a) Chronic emergency use, medical
b) Acute emergency use, medical
c) Chronic emergency use, behavioral
d) Acute emergency use, behavioral

Answer 6

d) Acute emergency use, behavioral

Question 7

As outlined by Dr. Blakely, what are the four steps of the “fate” of a drug, in the correct order?

a) Administration, biotransformation, distribution, excretion
b) Administration, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
c) Distribution, absorption, biotransformation, excretion
d) Distribution, biotransformation, absorption, excretion

Answer 7

b) Administration, distribution, biotransformation, excretion

Question 8

Most drugs are distributed to the site of action by the X ; drugs can be stored in bone and/or fat tissue for later release by a process known as Y .

a) X = Cerebrospinal fluid Y = Protein binding
b) X = Circulatory system Y = Depot binding
c) X = Respiratory system Y = Protein binding
d) X = Lymphatic system Y = Depot binding

Answer 8

b) X = Circulatory system Y = Depot binding

Question 9

For a drug to have a psychoactive effect, it must be

a) Able to cross the blood brain barrier
b) Administered orally, or via injection
c) Excreted slowly by the kidneys
d) Metabolized in the liver

Answer 9

a) Able to cross the blood brain barrier

Question 10

When a drug molecule is converted to a metabolite, this specific process is known as:

a) Biotransformation
b) Bioavailability
c) Pharmaco-kinetics
d) Metabolization

Answer 10

a) Biotransformation

Question 11

First-order kinetics uses the ______ of a particular medication as the measure of how much of a drug can be metabolized and excreted over time.

a) Dose
b) Chemical weight
c) Concentration
d) Half-life

Answer 11

d) Half line

Question 12

An effect of a drug, which is opposite to the expected effect of the drug, is called a

a) Idiosyncratic drug reaction
b) Secondary effect
c) Paradoxical drug reaction
d) Reverse withdrawal effect

Answer 12

c) Paradoxical drug reaction

Question 13

Tolerance to a drug would lead to
X = A decrease in effectiveness with repeated administrations
Y = An increased dose required to obtain the same effect
Z = An increase in side effects over time

a) X and Z only
b) X, Y, and Z
c) X and Y only
d) Y and Z only

Answer 13

c) X and Y only

Question 14

Sid takes heroin in his bathroom every day. One hot summer evening, he decides to go to Central Park with his friend Nancy, and they both take heroin together under a stand of trees. Sid takes the exact same amount of heroin as he usually does, and from his own stash of the drug, but he overdoses in the park, and Nancy gets him to the hospital only just in the nick of time. Sid very likely overdosed as a result of ________.

a) Compensatory reaction tolerance
b) Dehydration
c) Bad heroin, or a mistaken dose due to low light
d) Metabolic tolerance

Answer 14

a) Compensatory reaction tolerance

Question 15

Jamie takes two different medications for migraine headaches. Each medication by itself reduces her number of migraines by 3 per month. When taken together the drugs have an additive effect. Thus, when the drugs are taken together, they will most likely reduce her number of monthly migraines by ___ headaches.

a) 0
b) 6
c) 3
d) 9

Answer 15

b) 6

Question 16

The therapeutic index is calculated doing the following division calculation:

a) TI = Max. safe dose / ED(100)
b) TI = ED(50) / LD(50)
c) TI = ED(1)/ Max. safe dose
d) TI = LD(50) / ED(50)

Answer 16

d) TI = LD(50) / ED(50)

Question 17

Drug A produces an effect in everyone who takes it, while drug B produces an effect in half of the populace. This would mean that drug A has a higher:

a) Peak efficacy
b) Potency
c) Lethality
d) Applicability across populations

Answer 17

a) Peak efficacy

Question 18

When a patient is on morphine following surgery, and then the morphine is suddenly discontinued, which of the following effects is the patient most likely to experience in the short term?

a) All of these symptoms will occur during morphine withdrawal
b) Increase in feelings of euphoria
c) Increase in pain sensitivity
d) Increase in sleepiness (sedation)

Answer 18

c) Increase in pain sensitivity

Question 19

The main cell body of a neuron is called the X , and the space where neurotransmitters are released is called the Y .

a) X = Soma Y = Synapse
b) X = Dendrite Y = Axon
c) X = Dendrite Y = Synapse
d) X = Synapse Y = Axon

Answer 19

a) X = Soma Y = Synapse

Question 20

Neurotransmitters work primarily by

a) Traveling along the axon to trigger synaptic buttons
b) Promoting the release of substances into the synapse
c) Inhibiting reuptake of substances from the synaptic cleft
d) Binding with a receptor on a neuron and stimulating or inhibiting it

Answer 20

d) Binding with a receptor on a neuron and stimulating or inhibiting it

Question 21

Traditional psychology studies use statistics to factor out variability; in EAB or ABA studies, variability can be:

a) Very detrimental to a comprehensive analysis
b) Ignored due to a focus on single subjects
c) Beneficial to evaluating how stimuli affect behavior
d) Useful to researchers in simplifying the data

Answer 21

c) Beneficial to evaluating how stimuli affect behavior

Question 22

EAB yields predictable patterns of behavior, and these predictable patterns can be used to _____ drugs.

a) Train practitioners in the use of
b) Evaluate some effects of particular
c) Test for lethality of all
d) Get staff to properly dispense

Answer 22

b) Evaluate some effects of particular

Question 23

Dr. Blakely stated that when a psychoactive drug is prescribed for a particular reason in behavioral pharmacology, it is then called a ____ drug

a) Anti-psychotic
b) Psychotropic
c) Psychiatric
d) Analgesic

Answer 23

b) Psychotropic

Question 24

When we say that a drug is an anti-psychotic, we are classifying the drug by its

a) Generation
b) Generic name
c) Therapeutic use
d) Chemical structure

Answer 24

c) Therapeutic use

Question 25

Dr. Blakely described “4 facts about drugs”, which include all of the following, except the idea that drugs ______.

a) Have multiple effects
b) Are dose dependent
c) Are time dependent
d) Result in dependency

Answer 25

d) Result in dependency

Question 26

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding a dose response curve? In a dose response curve, the __________.

a) Y-Axis represents different levels of the dependent variable
b) Y-Axis does not represent the passage of time
c) X-Axis represents the passage of time
d) X-Axis represents different dosage levels

Answer 26

c) X-Axis represents the passage of time

Question 27

Pharmacokinetics includes all of the following broad stages, except:

a) Administration
b) Excretion
c) Selection
d) Biotransformation

Answer 27

c) Selection

Question 28

The primary site of action for most substances used in behavioral pharmacology is the:

a) Liver and kidneys
b) External environment
c) Nervous system
d) Brain

Answer 28

d) Brain

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true? Metabolites are…

a) Processed versions of the drug, so are always more powerful than the original active ingredient of the drug
b) Inactive remnants of the drug after it has been absorbed, and generally have little if any behavioral effect
c) The result of biotransformation, and can be either more or less powerful in effect than the non-metabolized drug
d) Far less chemically active then the original drug, and thus have much less of a behavioral effect

Answer 29

c) The result of biotransformation, and can be either more or less powerful in effect than the non-metabolized drug

Question 30

Biotransformation is most likely to occur in the…

a) GI tract, and sometimes in the lungs
b) Kidneys, and sometimes in the liver
c) Liver, and sometimes in the GI tract
d) Brain, and sometimes in GI tract

Answer 30

c) Liver, and sometimes in the GI tract

Question 31

In behavioral pharmacology, the term, “excretion” refers:

a) Only to the elimination of a metabolite from the body
b) To the elimination of either a drug or a metabolite from the body
c) To the elimination of feces and/or urine from the body
d) Only to the elimination of a drug from the body

Answer 31

b) To the elimination of either a drug or a metabolite from the body

Question 32

A drug has a half-life of 4 hours. Lloyd takes 1000 mg of the drug. Assuming metabolites are not involved, how much of the drug is left in Lloyd’s system after 8 hours?

a) 250 mg
b) O mg
c) 500 mg
d) No way to tell from this information

Answer 32

a) 250 mg

Question 33

Drug tolerance is a(n):

a) Decrease in effectiveness as a result of increased dosage
b) Increase in sided effects as a result of repeated administrations
c) Increase in side effects over time
d) Decrease in effectiveness as a result of repeated administrations

Answer 33

d) Decrease in effectiveness as a result of repeated administrations

Question 34

When tolerance to one drug produces tolerance to at least one other drug (and possibly more), even before the individual has been exposed to the second drug, this is referred to as _____.

a) Compensatory reaction tolerance
b) Metabolic tolerance
c) Cross tolerance
d) Behavioral tolerance

Answer 34

c) Cross tolerance

Question 35

Many drug overdoses result from the effects of ________ tolerance.

a) Behavioral
b) Metabolic
c) Cross
d) Compensatory reaction

Answer 35

d) Compensatory reaction

Question 36

Ishmael’s doctor prescribes two medications to lower his cholesterol, stating that each drug, on its own, can be expected to lower his bad cholesterol number by about 20 points. As it turns out, these drugs taken together have a supra-additive effect. Thus Ishmael’s new cholesterol number turns out to be ______.

a) 40 points lower
b) 20 points higher
c) 0 points lower
d) 75 points lower

Answer 36

d) 75 points lower

Question 37

Drug A requires 20mg to have an effect, while drug B requires 40mg to have an effect. Drug A is thus said to be _____ than drug B.

a) More potent
b) Less potent
c) Less effective
d) More effective

Answer 37

a) More potent

Question 38

A drug has the effect of reducing an individual’s appetite, and ingesting food right after taking this medication may even make the person’s stomach ache. Thus this drug is having the following behavioral effect on food as a stimulus

a) EO
b) CE
c) SD
d) AO

Answer 38

d) AO

Question 39

Information travels from one part of a single neuron to another part of that same neuron mainly through X , and that neuron communicates with other neurons via Y .

a) X = chemical action Y = mechanical activity
b) X = chemical action Y = electrical activity
c) X = electrical activity Y = chemical activity
d) X = electrical activity Y = electrical activity

Answer 39

c) X = electrical activity Y = chemical activity

Question 40

The substances that communicate between neurons are known as:

a) Reuptake inhibitors
b) Neurotransmitters
c) Psychotropics
d) Neuroleptics

Answer 40

b) Neurotransmitters