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Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Christi Reed

A

Notes

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2
Q

Psychology Study of Mind

A
  • Group studies (btw subject)
  • Correlational data
  • Mentalistic approach
  • Pre-post tests
  • Inferential stats: to determine if there is a statistical effect
  • HUMAN subject
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3
Q

EAB: BX own right

A
  • Within-subject designs
  • Objective measurement
  • Operation definition of IV
  • Repeated measures
  • Visual analysis (maybe Descriptive stats: Mean, Median, Mode, Measures of variability)
  • Often non-humans
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4
Q

EAB is Useful to Behavioral Pharmacology

A

EAB procedures can produce predictable response rates at will, which can be used as baselines for studying the effect of drugs on BX

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5
Q

PAVLOV

A

-Discovered principle of Respondent Conditioning

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6
Q

Zavadski

A

-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on respondent conditioning

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7
Q

Skinner and Heron

A
  • Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on Operant Conditioning
  • Result: More responding in drug sessions than in Placebo sessions
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8
Q

Cook & Weidley

A
  • Evaluated Thorazine’s effects on avoidance VS. Escape bx. Became screening tool for antipsychotic effects
  • Thorazine disrupted avoidance bx but not escape bx
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9
Q

Contributing Factors to Behavioral Pharmacology

A

1) Bx Analysis: Respondent Conditioning, Evaluate some effects of drugs
2) Drug Abuse & Addition
3) Concerns with chemical Containments/Toxins
4) Treatment of Mental Illness

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10
Q

Psychotropic Meds

  • Prescribed specifically to reduce prob Bx
  • Types of Psychotropic Drugs
A
  • Typical antipsychotics
  • Atypical antipsychotics
  • Anxiolytics
  • Antidepressants
  • Tranquilizers & Sedatives
  • Mood-stabilizers
  • Anti-seizure medication
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11
Q

How we name Drugs

A
  • Chemical: Chemical structure
  • Generic: Bx effects
  • Trade/Brand: Therapeutic effects generation
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12
Q

Brand Vs Generic?

A
  • The active ingredient gets a generic name
  • The marketed drug gets a trade/brand name
  • Limits production of a drug to specific drug co. that owns the patent
  • After a period of time, propriety ownership expires; the drug goes public
  • It may now be marketed by various companies under its original generic name but the inactive ingredient maybe different & affect absorption
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13
Q

Classification of Drugs

A

1) Therapeutic Use: Anti: psychotic, depressant, anxiety
2) Bx Effects: Stimulants, sedatives, Hallucinogens
3) Generation: 1st typical older, 2nd atypical newer

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14
Q

Common Routes of Administration

A
  • Oral
  • Intra-muscular
  • Topical
  • Other ways: Subligual, Inhalation, Intravenous
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15
Q

Distribution: Where Does the drug go?

A

1) Circulatory System: Bind with Proteins
2) Depot Binding: Bone, Fat
3) Brain: Via blood brain barrier

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16
Q

Biotransformation

A
  • Changing a drug molecule to a metabolite
  • Occurs in the liver & sometimes GI Tract
  • Metabolites more/less powerful than non-metabolized drug
  • Excretion: the elimination of either a drug or a metabolite from body
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17
Q

Kinetics

A

1st order Kinetics and Half-Life

  • How much of a drug can be metabolized & excreted over time
  • E.g. a drug has a half-life of 2 hrs if 1000 mg
  • 2 hrs later: only 500 mg
  • 4 hrs later 250mg
  • 8 hr later 125mg left
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18
Q

Dose Response Curve

A
  • Measures the effect of the drug (on Bx) related to dosage level
  • Dose on the x axis (horizontal) & effect on the Y axis (vertical)
  • From Low (where there is no effect) to High where increases in dose have no further effect (& ranges in btw)
  • Different Doses of drugs to ppl of different weights
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19
Q

5 Types of Tolerance

A

1) Metabolic: Enzymatic Tolerance. Drug increases enzyme production
2) Cell: Cells @ site of action react less to drug
3) Behavioral: Learn to engage is Bxs Similar to when drug is not present
4) Cross: Some Drugs produce tolerance to other drugs
5) Compensatory: US (drug) -> UR (drug effect)
CS )Stimuli paired with drug). -CR (opposite effect). Note: can result in overdoses

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20
Q

Drug Interactions

A

1) Additive: Same as sum of individual drugs taken individually
2) Infra-additive: Total effect is less than sum
3) Supra-additive: Total effect is greater than sum

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21
Q

Drug Effects

A
  • Effective Does (ED): X% of tested pop. exhibit relevant change
  • Lethal Dose (LD): Dose @ which X% of tested pop. are killed
    3) Therapeutic Index (TI) = LD/ED
    4) Potency: X milligrams to make a given effect
    5) Peak Efficacy: Max Effect
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22
Q

Dependence:

  • Physical
  • Withdraw Syndrome
A

1) Physical: Change in Physical status when stop taking a drug. Termination of the drug produces….
*Withdraw Syndrome: Will produce effects that are ______ the drug effect
Ex: If taking Xanax 2x a day for several months then abruptly stop you may experience lots of Anxiety: Panic attacks, increased respiration
Ex 2: Morphine/synthetic opiates for pain, abruptly stop may experience flu like symptoms, upset stomach, sensitivity to pain, disrupted sleep

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23
Q

Dependence

2) Psychological Dependence:

A
  • Reinforcer
  • Spend a lot of time taking it & seeking it

E.g. Caffeine

  • Produces: Increase in heart rate, Alertness, Increase activity, athletic performance (in some), decrease in sleep, Vaso constriction in the Brain
  • Withdraw: Decreases in: Heart rate, Alertness, Activity (become more sedentary), increase in sleep, produces vase dilation (Vasculature system): Expand & press up against nerves in the Brain = Headaches
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24
Q

Dependence E.g:

KLONIPIN (Brand Name)

A
  • A Benzodiazepine used as an oral Anticonvulsant: also use das an anti-panic agent in the treatment of panic disorders, also used for Bx control
  • Withdraw: Increases Seiures!!
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25
Q

Dependence E.g: Morphine

A
  • Strong Reinforcer: A lot of time taking & seeking it
  • Decreases in pain sensitivity, Constriction of pupils, decrease in respiration, constipation
  • Should taper off of it!
  • Withdraw: Increase in pain sensitivity, pupil dilation, rapid/shallow respiration, diarrhea
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26
Q

4 Basic Facts of Drugs:

A

1) Drugs are Does dependent (does response curve)
2) Drugs are time dependent
3) Drugs have multiple effects
4) Drugs can be toxic (@ high enough doses)

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27
Q

Some Types of Neurotransmitters

A
  • Dopamine: Movement & reinforcing effects
  • Serotonin: Antidepressants
  • Norepinephrine (NE): Released in activity
  • Epinephrine: adrenaline
  • Endorphins: Pain perception
  • Acetylcholine (Ach): @ neuromuscular junctions involved in movement
  • GABA: Maintaining a workable tone in the brain - produced stability in neurons
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28
Q

Behavioral Pharmacology is the combination of _______ & _________

A

*EAB & Pharmacology

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29
Q

Chemicals that effect living tissues are ________ & __________

A

*Psycho-active & psychotropic

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30
Q

What is a drug?

a) A chemical that effects Bx
b) A chemical that effects living tissues
c) A chemical that passes the blood brain barrier
d) A chemical that effects mental activity or perception

A

B) A chemical that effects living tissues

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31
Q

Which of the follow ways are drugs used (Classified)?

a) Chemical structure, Behavioral effects, Therapeutic use & Generation
b) Brand, Generic, psycho-Active & Psychotropic
c) Psychotropic, Anti-Anxiety, Anti-Depressant
d) Tranquilizer, sedative Or antidepressant

A

a) Chemical structure, Behavioral effects, Therapeutic use & Generation

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32
Q

Tolerance is the _____ in a drug effect due to repeated administrations so a person has to take ________ doses to get the same effect

a) decrease, lower
b) increase, higher
c) decrease, lower
d) decrease, higher

A

d) Decrease higher

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33
Q

What is the order of the 4 stages of a fate of a drug?

a) Administration/absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
b) Administration, distribution, bioavailability, excretion
c) Kinetics, bioavailability, Half-line, excretion
d) None of these

A

a) Administration/absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion

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34
Q

An effect of a drug, which is opposite to the expected effect of the drug is called a/an:

a) idiosyncratic reactions (IDR)
b) Tolerance
c) Paradoxical drug effect
d) Supra-additive

A

c) Paradoxical drug effect

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35
Q

8) Drugs can have multiple effects. They can function as reinforcers and punishers
a) True
b) False
c) Don’t do drugs

A

a) True

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36
Q

When do heroin users OD? In _________Env (friend’s bathroom) because it has not built up any conditioned stimulus properties so no conditioned compensatory reactions to that - so the will OD-due to the lack of _______ at the higher dose

a) Unconditioned, unconditioned responding
b) Conditioned, History
c) Unconditioned, history
d) Conditioned, unconditioned responding
e) Unconditioned, history

A

C) Unconditioned, history

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37
Q

If you want to know about the interaction effects of drugs, you should:

a) Calculate the additive, infra-additive and supra-additive effects
b) Ask the pharmacist
c) Ask the prescribing psychiatrist
d) Ask the parent or guardian
e) Any/all of the above
f) Ony A & B

A

b) Ask the pharmacist

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38
Q

The higher the therapeutic index the _______ the drug

a) Safer
b) Risker
c) Less effective
d) More effective

A

a) Safer

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39
Q

The maximum effect produced by the drug is known as:

a) Peak efficacy
b) Potency
c) Lethal dose
d) Effective dose

A

a) Peak Efficacy (What drug will do the most for me)

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40
Q

Potency is:

a) How effective the drug is
b) The percentage of population that can die from the drug
b) The percentage of population that can die from the drug
c) How many milligrams to make a given effect
d) None of the above

A

c) How many milligrams to make a given effect: # of milligrams per kilograms it takes to produce effect

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41
Q

If drug A takes 10 mg (per kg) to have an effect & drug B takes 20mg (per kg) to have an effect. which drug is more potent?

a) Drug A
b) Drug B
c) It depends on administration
d) It depends on the rate of absorption

A

a) Drug A

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42
Q

Withdraw Syndrome: Will produce effects that are _____ the drug effect

A

Opposite

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43
Q

Some drugs function as Eos, Risperadal an antipsychotic has what EO effect?

a) Increased in thirst (water seeking bx)
b) Increased heart rate
c) Increase in hunger (weight gain)
d) Evokes pacing

A

c) Increase in hunger (weight gain)

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44
Q

Some drugs function as Ans, Stimulants such as Ritalin or adder all have what AO effect?

a) Decrease the value of water
b) Decrease the value of social stimuli
c) Decrease the value of food
d) All of the above
e) A & B only

A

c) Decrease the value of food

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45
Q

20) Neurons communicate by releasing:

a) Electrons
b) Neurotransmitters
c) Dendrites
d) Magic

A

b) Neurotransmitters

(Chemicals release from pre-synaptic neuron to the synapse then bind with a receptor on a neuron & stimulating or inhibiting it)

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46
Q

21) Parkinson’s diseases has a deficiency in _____ which effects ______
a) Norepinephrine/movement
b) Serotonin/memory & recall
c) Dopamine/movement
d) Endorphins/mood & memory

A

c) dopamine/movement

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47
Q

The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration

a) Dose response curve
b) Distribution
c) Biotransformation
d) Bioavailability

A

d) bioavailability

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48
Q

Psychotropic medications are prescribed specially when someone has a _______ which has been deemed necessary to reduce

a) Mental problem
b) Mental diagnosis
c) Bx problem
d) Disorder

A

c) bx problem

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49
Q

The active ingredient gets the ______ name

A

d) Generic name

50
Q

The vertical axis will often represent a continuous measure, such as response rate, Latency to respond, or percentage performance compared to a control group

a) True
b) False
c) It depends on the Dose

A

a) True

51
Q

If a client with epilepsy is taking a benzodiazepine used as an oral anticonvulsant & suddenly stops taking it. What is a likely withdrawal effect?

a) Maintain low rates of seizures (no change)
b) Increase in seizures
c) Decrease in panic responses

A

b) Increase in seizures

52
Q

which drug was used to treat mental illness that allowed ppl to move out of institutions?

a) Valium
b) Thorazine
c) Prozac
d) Ritalin

A

b) Thorazine

53
Q

The Generic name (active ingredient) goes public after the patent on the brand names expires. Which of the following in Not true?

a) Can have up to a 20% difference in the rate & amount of absorption
b) Is exactly the same
c) Can effect Bx & symptoms differently
d) The inactive ingredients Maybe different

A

b) Is exactly the same

54
Q

The shorter the half life the _____ frequently you have to take the drug. The longer the half life the _______ often you have to take it

A) Less/more
B) More/less

A

b) More/less

55
Q

Which of the following are true regarding the Chronic use of drugs?

a) Short term use, for immediate need/use (emergencies)
b) Long term use, for immediate need/use (emergencies)
c) Short term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective
d) Long term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective

A

d) Long term use, when environmental interventions have been ineffective

56
Q

April Rowland

A

Notes

57
Q

Behavioral Pharmacology

A
  • Combination of two Fields:
  • EAB (experimental analysis of BX)
  • Pharmacology (study of drugs)
  • Characteristics of EAB:
  • BX is imp in its own right
  • Behavioral (dimension)
58
Q

Characteristics of EAB

A
  • Behavioral
  • Objective definition of DV
  • Operational definition of IV
  • Repeated, continuous measure across time
  • Visual inspection of graphs
  • Often studying non-human animals
59
Q

*EAB Vs. Traditional Psychology

A
  • Within subject vs. Btw subject
  • Visual inspection vs. Descriptive statistics
  • Evaluate cause of variability Vs. Seeks to eliminate variability
60
Q

EAB focuses on human Bx of Social significance

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

61
Q

*Factors Leading to Development of BC Parm.

Behavioral Pharmacology developed in part due to several factors:

A
  • Use of Bx analysis procedures to evaluate drug effects
  • Increase in drug abuse awareness
  • Concerns of environmental toxins from drug developments
  • Development of drugs to treat mental illness (thorazine)
62
Q

Pavlov

A

-Discovered principles of Respondent Conditioning

63
Q

Zavadski

A

-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on respondent conditioning

64
Q

Skinner & Heron

A

-Evaluated effects of caffeine (drug) on Operant Conditioning

65
Q

Cook & Weidley

A

-Evaluated Thorazine’s effects on avoidance Vs escape Bx. Became screening tool for antipsychotic effects

66
Q

Respondent conditioning & Operant conditioning are useful in the evaluation of drug effects because they:

a) Indicate lethal dosage
b) Provide a predictable baseline
c) Identify the behavioral problem
d) Mimic the data produced from group designs

A

b) Provide a predictable baseline

67
Q

*DRUGs!

A
  • Chemicals that effect living tissues
  • 2 Broad Categories!
  • Psychoactive: Effects the body or BX
  • Psychotropic: Prescribed for a particular reason
68
Q

What’s in a Name?

C17H19CIN2S

A

-Chemical

69
Q

Chlorpromazine

a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name

A

b) Generic name

70
Q

*Thorazine

a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name

A

c) Trade name

71
Q

Methylphenidate hydrochloride

a) Chemical name
b) Generic name
c) Trade name

A

b) Generic name

72
Q

Concerta

A

c) Trade name

73
Q

Drugs!

Chemical structure

A

E.g: Amphetamines, Adderall includes both a levoamphetamine & dextroamphetamine

74
Q

Drugs!

Behavioral Effects

A

e.g Stimulant, Sedative

75
Q

Therapeutic Use

A

e.g. Antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant

76
Q

Generation

A

-Antipsychotic (typical and atypical)

77
Q

4 drugs effects

A

1) Are dose dependent
2) Are time dependent
3) Have multiple effects
4) Are toxic at high enough doses

78
Q

Dose and Time dependent

A

-The effects of time on drugs varies based on administration

79
Q

Drugs, like any stimulus can have what effects?

A
  • Have multiple effects
  • Are toxic at high enough doses
  • Can have Reinforcing, punishing, establishing, abolishing
80
Q

Chronic Use of Medications

A
  • Long-term use of a drug

- Often when environmental manipulations alone have been ineffective

81
Q

Role of Behavior Analyst

A
  • Train relevant data
  • Train caregivers to monitor & take data on relevant effects/side effects
  • Attend medication management meetings when possible
82
Q

Acute Use of Medications

WHY?

A

-Short-Term use of a drug
-For immediate need
Emergency use behavioral, medical, short-term use, Pre-medication

83
Q

The main effect of a drug is determined based on:

A. Potency
B. Diagnosis-based on therapeutic use
C. Peak efficacy
D. Doctor preference

A

B. Diagnosis-based on therapeutic use

84
Q

Side effect and toxic effect are different.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True-

Side effects are other effects seen at not lethal/toxic doses. Toxic effects are signs to look for as it means too much of the drug has been delivered

85
Q

Pharmocokinetics

-Administration

A
  • Oral
  • Intra-muscular
  • Intra-venous
  • Inhalation
  • Sub-lingual
  • Sub-cutaneous
  • Topical
  • Anal
86
Q

Pharmocokinetics

-Distribution

A

Drugs travel through…
*The blood stream/circulatory system
- Small arteries -> capillaries -> extracellular
fluid (ECF) at site of action
*Some drugs can release more slowly through binding to:
-Proteins (protein binding)
-Fat/bone tissue (Depot binding)

87
Q

Pharmocokinetics

-Biotransformation

A

Drug Molecule - Enzymes in Liver or Gastro-intertinal (GI) Tract -Metabolites

88
Q

Pharmocokinetics

Excretion

A

Elimination from the body of drug metabolites.
Can be excreted through:
§ Skin, lungs/respiration, kidneys/urine
How long does it take…related to kinetics of the drug!

89
Q

0-order kinetics involves _____ of drug being metabolized per unit of time; 1st order kinetics involves _____ of drug being metabolized per unit of time.

A. Half; a fixed amount
B. a fixed amount; a fixed percentage
C. a fixed percentage besides 50%; 50%

A

B. a fixed amount; a fixed percentage

90
Q

Jean is takes 800mg of a drug with a half-life of 2 hours. How many hours will it take for Jean to eliminate 600mg of this drug?

A. 1 hour
B. 4 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 30 minutes

A

B) 4 hours

91
Q
  • Reactions to Drugs:

- Idiosyncratic Reactions

A
  • Type 2 or Type B effects
  • Unrelated to noted effects or properties of the drug
  • Impact small % of individuals
  • Often immune related
92
Q

Reactions to Drugs:

-Paradoxical Reactions

A
  • Opposite then expected
  • Maybe accompanied by side effects
    e. g. Some sedatives may cause insomnia
  • Amphetamines may produce sleepiness
93
Q

*Tolerance

A

-Metabolic Tolerance: Enzymatic tolerance, Drug itself increases enzyme production
-Cell Tolerance: Cells @ site of action react less to drug
-Behavioral Tolerance: Learn to engage in Bxs similar to wen drug is not present
-Cross Tolerance: Some drugs produce tolerance to other drugs
-Compensatory Reaction: US (drug) -> UR (drug effect)
CS (Stimuli paired with drug) -> CR (Opposite effect)

94
Q

Drug interactions are additive if their effects together are the sum of their effects taken separately. Therefore drug interactions are infra-additive when their effects together are _____ the sum of their effects taken separately.

A. Less than
B. Greater than-This is _____
C. Double
D. None of these

A

A) Less than

95
Q

*Effective Dose

A
  • ED
  • Effective Dose
  • The Dose @ which X% of tested pop. exhibit relevant change
  • ED 50 of a drug to increase appetite: Dose under which 50% increase caloric consumption by 10%
96
Q

*Lethal Dose

A
  • LD
  • The dose at which X% of tested pop. are killed by the drug
  • LD50 of a drug: Dose under which 50% are killed by the drug
97
Q

*Therapeutic Index

A
  • TI
  • LD50/ED50
  • If ED50 drug A is 0.1 mg/kg & LD50 of Drug A is 190 mg/kg then the TI is 1900
98
Q

The _____ the TI the safer that drug likely is.
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Neither, TI is not related to safety

A

a) Higher

99
Q

The maximum effect of Drug A is greater than Drug B.
Which of the following is true of Drug A?

A. It is more potent than Drug B
B. It has a higher peak efficacy than Drug B
C. It has a higher therapeutic index than Drug B
D. It is more likely to be prescribed than Drug B for this effect

A

B. It has a higher peak efficacy than Drug B

100
Q

Dependence

*Physical dependence

A
  • Termination of drug produces Withdrawal syndrome

- Will typically produced effects that are Opposite of drug effects

101
Q

Dependence

-Psychlogical dependence

A

*Drug functions as a reinforcer for drug seeking & taking

102
Q

Which of the following are true of psychological dependence?
A. Characterized by physiological withdrawal
B. Not present if there is physical dependence upon a drug
C. Describes maintenance of drug- seeking and drug-taking by access to that drug
D. All of these

A

C. Describes maintenance of drug- seeking and drug-taking by access to that drug

103
Q 
When Felix has taken cocaine he tends to seek out social interactions and tell more jokes. This is likely due to which of the following functions of cocaine effects?
A. SD for reinforcement
B. EO for reinforcement
C. EO for punishment 
D. Reinforcement
A

B) EO for reinforcement

104
Q 
When Jasper stopped being prescribed methylphenidate he continued to attempt to obtain it from his friends who had a prescription. This was sometimes successful. Jasper’s drug-seeking is likely due to which of the following functions of methylphenidate?
A. SD for reinforcement 
B. EO for reinforcement 
C. EO for punishment 
D. Reinforcement
A

D) Reinforcement

105
Q

*More on Neurotransmitters

A
  • These are Chemicals that are released into the synapse
  • Name some:
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • GABA
  • Epinephrine
106
Q

Occupies a receptor site but does not operate it. Serves to block or inhibit.

A. Agonist
B. Partial agonist
C. Antagonist

A

C) Antagonist

107
Q

EAB is characterized by which of the following?

A. Use of pre- and post-tests for evaluation
B. Objective descriptions of measurement systems
C. Interest in behavior as a means of evaluating internal states
D. Reliance on inferential statistics to identify effects of relevant variables

A

B. Objective descriptions of measurement systems

108
Q 
Occupies and operates the receptor site.
A. Agonist
B. Partial agonist
C. Antagonist
D. None of these
E. A and B, but not C
A

E) A and B, but not C

109
Q

Which of the following is true of peak efficacy?
A. This is the maximum effect of the drug
B. A drug can have a higher peak efficacy but lower potency
C. The higher the peak efficacy the lower the dose necessary to achieve a set effect
D. All of these
E. A and B, but not C

A

E) A and B, but not C

110
Q

Pavlov is a relevant figure in behavioral pharmacology because:
A. Respondent conditioning can be used as a behavioral baseline
B. Operant learning can be stopped altogether by medication
C. Drugs generally reduce the likelihood that a conditioned reflex may be established when pairing stimuli

A

A. Respondent conditioning can be used as a behavioral baseline

111
Q

Skinner and Heron found that:

A. Caffeine increased rates of behavior over placebo
B. Caffeine suppressed responding compared to placebo
C. Drugs have no effect on operant behavior

A

A. Caffeine increased rates of behavior over placebo

112
Q

The pole-jumping test for anti- psychotics looks to identify if a drug disrupts ____, but leaves _____ intact. A. States of psychosis; personalities
B. Avoidance behavior; escape behavior
C. Operant conditioning; extinction effects
D. Respondent conditioning; unconditioned responses

A

B) Avoidance behavior; Escape behavior

113
Q

Which of the following ways of naming drugs are non-prescribers least likely to use?
A. Chemical
B. Trade
C. Generic

A

A) Chemical

114
Q

Which of the following is a type of methylxanthine:

A. Theobromine
B. Theophylline
C. Caffeine
D. All of these
E. A and C, but not B
A

D) All of these

115
Q

Caffeine-Pharmocokinetics

Administration -> Distribution -> Biotransformation -> Excretion

A
  • Commonly Administered: Orally
  • Primary site of Action: Brain

*Biotransformation from liver enzymes
Excreted primarily through kidneys/urine

116
Q

Which of the following is true of caffeine?

A. Effects include vasodilation
B. Half life is approximately 2-4 hours
C. Cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
D. Biotransformation occurs primarily in the lungs

A

B. Half life is approximately 2-4 hours-Approximately 3 hours

117
Q

Caffeine-Neuropharmocology

A
  • The neurotransmitter that caffeine impacts & results in increased alertness is adenosine
  • By acting as an Antagonist
118
Q

Caffeine Effects Vs Withdrawal Effects

A
  • Increased heart rate Vs. Decreased heart rate
  • Decreased sleep Vs. Increased sleep
  • Increased alertness Vs. Decreased alertness
  • Increased endurance Vs. Decreased athletic performance
  • Vasoconstriction Vs. Vasodilation
119
Q

The mechanism of caffeine tolerance Dr. Blakely describes is called:

A. Upregulation
B. Depot binding
C. Reuptake inhibition D.Compensatory reaction

A

A.Upregulation-Cell creates additional adenosine receptors

120
Q

Schizophrenia-Symptoms and Theory

Theories:

  • Too much Dopamine (Oldest theory)
  • Too much Dopamine in some areas; too little in others
A

*Positive Symptoms:
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
Negative Symptoms:
-Flat affect
-Anhedonia (Loss of Pleasure from preferred activities)
-Avolition (Lack of goal-directed Bx)

121
Q

Antipsychotic Classification

A
  • 1st Generation/Typical: Typically dopamine antagonist e.g: Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Prolixin
  • 2nd Gen/Atypical: E.g. Risperdal, Zyprexa, Clozaril
  • 3rd Gen/Atypical: May function as a dopamine partial agonist E.g: Abilify

j5021 (8 decks)

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