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AP Biology Mr. Maiorana > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of all living things?

A
  1. Cellular organization
  2. Adaptation through evolution
  3. Responses to stimuli
  4. Regulation
  5. Energy Processing(Metabolism)
  6. Reproduction
  7. Growth and development
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2
Q

What is the difference between a scientific theory and other theories, such as one police might use to figure out a crime?

A

A scientific theory is a well-backed up explanation for a phenomenon. It more of a reliable account, compared to guesses police might have on who committed a crime

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3
Q

What are the top 4 elements that make up living elements that make up living things and why is iodine termed a “trace element”?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Iodine is considered a “trace element” because low levels of it are found in living things but we still need it to survive

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4
Q

What is electronegativity? What effects do increasing numbers of protons and electron shells have on electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
Adding protons increases electronegativity because more protons=a more positive charge
Adding electron shells decreases electronegativity because the positive nucleus will be farther away from the bonding electron pairs

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5
Q

What are ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds and how do they relate to electronegativity?

A

Ionic: Bond between a metal and a nonmetal(electron sharing)

Covalent: Bond between two nonmetals(Electron exchange)

Hydrogen: Bond where H bonds to N, O, or F

Electronegativity is related these bonds because because the different in the electronegativities determines the strength of the bond, which is how these bonds can be categorized

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6
Q

When is a covalent bond polar and nonpolar?

A

electronegativity difference is less than 0.4=nonpolar

.4 or higher=polar

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7
Q

What is cohesion? how is it related to hydrogen bonding and what is an example?

A

Cohesion is the the property the explains H2O molecule’s attraction to other H2O molecules. This happens because of the negative O end is attracted to the positive H end of a water molecule. An example is a glass or body of water

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8
Q

What is adhesion and how is related to the H bonding of water molecules? Give and example

A

Water is attracted to other polar molecules because water itself is polar. An example is water droplets on a washed dish

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9
Q

What is surface tension? How is related to the hydrogen bonding in water molecules? Give an example

A

Surface tension is water’s ability to resist external pressure due to the cohesion of the water molecules.
Example: Light objects floating on water

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10
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

When water freezes, it expands because the H bonds create a crystal structure the push the molecules farther apart than they were in a liquid state

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11
Q

What is specific heat and heat of vaporization and why is it high in water?

A

Specific heat: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a molecule 1 degrees

Heat if vaporization: The amount of energy required to change a liquid molecule to a gas molecule

It is high in water because the H2O molecules are very attracted to each other

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12
Q

What makes carbon a useful basis of all organic molecules?

A
  1. It has 4 bonding sites
  2. Carbon forms covalent bonds that cant be broken easily but are still able to be broken when necessary because it isn’t too electronegative
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13
Q

What are and what is the relationship between the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

The simplest carbs are monosaccharides(multiples of CH2O), 2 monosaccharides make a dissacharide, and the polymers of carbohydrates are polysaccharides.

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates and their main function? What is an example?

A

Carbohydrates are sugars and polymers of sugars, they serve as fuel and as building material. An example is triose, it has 3 carbons and C double bonded to O at the top(carbonyl)

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15
Q

What are the 3 main types of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids and steroids

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16
Q

What are the monomers of fats?l

A

Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is a 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each acid. A fatty acid is a carboxyl group attached to a carbon skeleton.

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17
Q

How do fatty acids and glycerol come together to form fats?

A

A dehydration synthesis reaction must take place 3 times to link 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol to make a triaclyglycerol or triglyceride.

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18
Q

What is an ester linkage?

A

The CO2 bond that is a result of the dehydration rxn, linking glycerol and fatty acids

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19
Q

What is the unifying characteristic of lipids?

A

They are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, forming nonpolar covalent bonds.

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20
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

A

The main functions of lipids are energy storage and playing a structural role in the formation of the cell membrane. Fats can act as a barrier

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21
Q

How the structure of carbohydrates promote their function?

A

The placement of the carbonyl group determines the orientation of the carbohydrate which decides its specific function

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22
Q

What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their characteristics?

A

Saturated: Have maximum number of H, no possible double bonds. They are long, straight and solid at room temp

Unsaturated: Has double bonds, has more of a cone or kinked shape, liquid at room temp, healthier

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23
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A type of lipid where 2 fatty acids+a phosphate group(instead of a third fatty acid) bond to a glycerol.

24
Q

How are phospholipids formed/structured?

A

The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic so they face inward towards each other and the phosphate groups and their attachments form a hydrophilic head

25
Q

What are steroids and an example?

A

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. An example is cholesterol, an important steroid that’s an important component in animal cell membranes

26
Q

What is the function if proteins and an example?

A

Protein functions include defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement and structural support. An example is an enzyme, which serves as a catalyst in a reaction

27
Q

What are the monomers and polymers and their relationships in amino acids?

A

Monomer: Amino Acid(20 Kinds)➡️Polymer: Polypeptides(50+ Amino Acids)➡️Proteins(2+ Polypeptides)

28
Q

What links amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

29
Q

Why is a transfat less healthy than a cis fat?

A

In transfat, hydrogen molecules are on opposite sides of the carbon from each other, a tendency of processing foods. In cis fat, the hydrogen is on the same side(more natural foods)

30
Q

What makes up amino acids?

A

Amino and carboxyl groups

31
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

The covalent bond joining two monosaccharides in a sugar

32
Q

What are the levels of protein structure?

A
  1. Primary: The protein’s own unique sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary: Found in most proteins, consists of the coils(helix) and folds(pleated sheet) found in the polypeptide chain of a protein
  3. Tertiary: determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
  4. Quaternary: Arises when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain
33
Q

How do you know if the R group of an amino acid will be hydrophilic or hydrophobic? acidic or basic?

A

Nonpolar=hydrophobic
Polar or electrically charged=Hydrophilic
Negatively charged=Acidic
Positively charged=Basic

34
Q

Why is the amino acid cysteine important to the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

It has an -SH as it’s R group, which is very reacive and attracts other -SH grouos, forming a bridge that gives proteins shape

35
Q

What is transpiration and how does it work?

A

Transpiration is the movement of water through plants, evaporation creates a negative pressure to pull water up the plant(negative pressure=tension)

36
Q

What is the symplast and apoplast?

A

Apoplast: A route for water to pass through the outer layers of a root by going between cells

Symplast: A route for water to pass through the outer layers of a root by going from cell to cell

37
Q

How does cohesion contribute to water transport in plants?

A

Cohesion contributes to pull water through the plants because as transpiration pulls the water, the water molecules stay together, allowing the plant to pull more water(bulk flow)

38
Q

How does adhesion contribute to transport of water through a plant?

A

Adhesion is the property of water being attracted to the walls of the plant, allowing it to climb the plant because the walls are hydrophilic. It helps offset the force of gravity

39
Q

What are the steps if the scientific process?

A
  1. Ask a questions
  2. Do background research
  3. Construct a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
  5. Analyze your results and draw a conclusion
40
Q

What is a dependent variable and independent variable?

A

Independent variable: The variable being changed or controlled to test the effects on the dependent variable

Dependent variable: The variable being measured and tested

41
Q

How is bulk flow different from diffusion?

A
  1. It is driven by differences in pressure potential, not solute potential
  2. It occurs across hollow, dead cells not membranes of living cells
  3. It moves an entire solution, not just water or solutes
  4. It is much faster
42
Q

What are two adaptations that affect transpiration rate in desert plants?

A
  1. Guard cells in stomata

2. Abscisic acid(ABA) is produced in response to water deficiency

43
Q

How does a plant’s need for gasses affect transpiration rates?

A

The stomata is responsible for releasing water and photosynthesis so they happen proportionally

44
Q

How do the R groups of amino acids create the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

The arrangement of amino acids in the primary structure provides genetic information to dictate the tertiary structure. Also the nonpolar side chains cluster at the core of the protein in the presence of water because they are hydrophobic

45
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

A part of the endodermal wall of a plant that acts as a filter for water and minerals entering a plant

46
Q

When does the stomata open and close?

A

Stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by light, CO2 depletion, and 24-hour circadian rhythm.

47
Q

What is starch, glycogen and cellulose?

A

Starch is a storage polysaccharide for plants, totally made up of glucose monomers and glycogen is the storage polymer in animals. Cellulose is like glycogen except the glycosidic linkages are positioned differently, making it a major component of a tough wall in plant cells.

48
Q

What is an alpha carbon?

A

The carbon in he center of a an amino acid and a carboxyl group, it connects them

49
Q

What connects the coils and folds in the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonds

50
Q

What are the monomers and polymers in nucleic acids and their relationships?

A

Monomer: Nucleotides➡️Polynucleotide(nucleic acids, polymer)➡️DNA/RNA

51
Q

What makes up each nucleotide?

A

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

52
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

They store, transmit and help express hereditary information

53
Q

What are the different types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine(C), Thymine(T), Uracil(U), Adenine(A) and guanine(G)

54
Q

How do the hydrogen bonds in water help organisms regulate their body temperatures?

A

What is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when hydrogen bonds are formed, allowing water to be a good temperature regulator

55
Q

How do guard cells help regulate internal water balance in a plant?

A

A pair of guard cells flank the stomata, they change shape to control the diameter of the stomata

AP Biology Mr. Maiorana (16 decks)

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