Chapters 32-35 quiz Flashcards
Where does each type of digestion take place? Where do they get enzymes from?
Carbohydrate: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine. Gets enzymes from pancreas and epithelium
Protein: Stomach, Small intestine. Enzymes from Pancreas and epithelium
Nucleic Acid: small intestine, enzymes from pancreas and epithelium
Fat digestion: Small intestine, enzymes from pancress
What occurs in each type of digestion in the oral cavity/pharynx/esophagus?
Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into smaller polysaccharifed and maltose via salivary amylase
Protein, nucleic acid, fat: none
What occurs in each type of digestion in the stomach
Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, fat: none
Protein: Proteins are broken down into small polypeptides via pepsin
What happens in each type of digestion with enzymes from the pancreas in the small intestine?
Carbohydrate: Pancreatic amylase breaks smaller polysaccharides into disaccharifes
Protein: Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin break small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides by cleaving bonds. Pancreatic carboxypeptidase breaks them down more
Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA are broken down into nucleotides by pancreatic nucleases
Fat/triglycerides: Broken down by pancreatic lipase into glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides
What happens in each stage of digestion in the small intestine with enzymes from the epithelium?
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by disaccharidase
Protein: Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase break small peptides into amino acids by splitting one off at a time
Nucleic Acid: Nucleotides are broken down in nucleosides by nucleotidases, which are then broken down into Nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates by nucleosidases and phosphatases
What are the order of digestive organs in carnivores and herbivores?
Carnivore: Stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon
Herbivore: Stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon
What is gastrin?
As food arrives in the stomach and stretches the stomach walls, the hormone gastrin is released in the bloodstream, stimulating the production of gastric juices
What is the duodenum and its function?
Chyme passes from the stomach to here. It responds by releasing cholecystokinin and secretin, stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the gullbladder, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the chyme
How to the stomach indicate to the host that it’s full?
When the chyme is rich in fats, high levels of secretin and CCK released inhibit perstalsis and secretion of gastric juices, slowing digestion
What is innate immunity?
Immunity found in all animals, including recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens using a small set of receptors and rapid response
What are macrophages?
Large phagocytic innate defense cells that ingest microbes
What are dendritic cells?
Cells that populate tissues and contact the environment. They stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf
What is histamine?
An important inflammatory signaling molecule that is stored in granules
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells originating from stem cells in bone marrow. 2 kinds of T cells and B cells
What are T cells and B cells?
T: Lymphocytes that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus and mature into T cells. Recognize protein epitopes in small antigen fragments
B: Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow. Recognize epitopes on the surface of antigens with antibodies
What are plasma cells?
B cells that produce soluble receptor proteins called antibodies
What are memory cells?
Activated T and B cells that defend against future infections by the same pathogen
What is an epitope?
A small region of an antigen that is accessble involving the recognition of foreign molecules
What are the 4 major characteristics of B and T cell development?
- Generation of cell diversity
- Self tolerance
- Proliferation(based of clonal selection)
- Immunological memory
What are helper T cells?
A type of t cell that triggers both the humoral snd cell mediated immune responses. A foreign molecule that can bond to the antigen receptor of a T cell must be present and the antigen must be displayed
What are antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
What are cytokines?
What activated helper T cells secrete to stimulate other lymphocytes
What is the cell mediated immune response and the humoral immune response?
Cell mediated: activated cytotoxic T cells trigger destruction of infected cells
Humoral: Antibodies eliminate antigens by phagocytosis and couplement-mediated lysis
What is active and passive immunity?
Active: Defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body
Passive: Antibodies in the recipient are produced by another individual
What are autoimmune diseases?
When the immune system is against particular molecules in the body. Caused by loss of self tolerance
What type of cell does HIV destroy?
Helper T cells
