Chapters 32-35 quiz

Question 1

Where does each type of digestion take place? Where do they get enzymes from?

Answer 1

Carbohydrate: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine. Gets enzymes from pancreas and epithelium

Protein: Stomach, Small intestine. Enzymes from Pancreas and epithelium

Nucleic Acid: small intestine, enzymes from pancreas and epithelium

Fat digestion: Small intestine, enzymes from pancress

Question 2

What occurs in each type of digestion in the oral cavity/pharynx/esophagus?

Answer 2

Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into smaller polysaccharifed and maltose via salivary amylase

Protein, nucleic acid, fat: none

Question 3

What occurs in each type of digestion in the stomach

Answer 3

Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, fat: none

Protein: Proteins are broken down into small polypeptides via pepsin

Question 4

What happens in each type of digestion with enzymes from the pancreas in the small intestine?

Answer 4

Carbohydrate: Pancreatic amylase breaks smaller polysaccharides into disaccharifes

Protein: Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin break small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides by cleaving bonds. Pancreatic carboxypeptidase breaks them down more

Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA are broken down into nucleotides by pancreatic nucleases

Fat/triglycerides: Broken down by pancreatic lipase into glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 5

What happens in each stage of digestion in the small intestine with enzymes from the epithelium?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates: Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by disaccharidase

Protein: Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase break small peptides into amino acids by splitting one off at a time

Nucleic Acid: Nucleotides are broken down in nucleosides by nucleotidases, which are then broken down into Nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates by nucleosidases and phosphatases

Question 6

What are the order of digestive organs in carnivores and herbivores?

Answer 6

Carnivore: Stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon

Herbivore: Stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon

Question 7

What is gastrin?

Answer 7

As food arrives in the stomach and stretches the stomach walls, the hormone gastrin is released in the bloodstream, stimulating the production of gastric juices

Question 8

What is the duodenum and its function?

Answer 8

Chyme passes from the stomach to here. It responds by releasing cholecystokinin and secretin, stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the gullbladder, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the chyme

Question 9

How to the stomach indicate to the host that it’s full?

Answer 9

When the chyme is rich in fats, high levels of secretin and CCK released inhibit perstalsis and secretion of gastric juices, slowing digestion

Question 10

What is innate immunity?

Answer 10

Immunity found in all animals, including recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens using a small set of receptors and rapid response

Question 11

What are macrophages?

Answer 11

Large phagocytic innate defense cells that ingest microbes

Question 12

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 12

Cells that populate tissues and contact the environment. They stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf

Question 13

What is histamine?

Answer 13

An important inflammatory signaling molecule that is stored in granules

Question 14

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 14

White blood cells originating from stem cells in bone marrow. 2 kinds of T cells and B cells

Question 15

What are T cells and B cells?

Answer 15

T: Lymphocytes that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus and mature into T cells. Recognize protein epitopes in small antigen fragments

B: Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow. Recognize epitopes on the surface of antigens with antibodies

Question 16

What are plasma cells?

Answer 16

B cells that produce soluble receptor proteins called antibodies

Question 17

What are memory cells?

Answer 17

Activated T and B cells that defend against future infections by the same pathogen

Question 18

What is an epitope?

Answer 18

A small region of an antigen that is accessble involving the recognition of foreign molecules

Question 19

What are the 4 major characteristics of B and T cell development?

Answer 19

1. Generation of cell diversity
2. Self tolerance
3. Proliferation(based of clonal selection)
4. Immunological memory

Question 20

What are helper T cells?

Answer 20

A type of t cell that triggers both the humoral snd cell mediated immune responses. A foreign molecule that can bond to the antigen receptor of a T cell must be present and the antigen must be displayed

Question 21

What are antigen presenting cells?

Answer 21

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Question 22

What are cytokines?

Answer 22

What activated helper T cells secrete to stimulate other lymphocytes

Question 23

What is the cell mediated immune response and the humoral immune response?

Answer 23

Cell mediated: activated cytotoxic T cells trigger destruction of infected cells

Humoral: Antibodies eliminate antigens by phagocytosis and couplement-mediated lysis

Question 24

What is active and passive immunity?

Answer 24

Active: Defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body

Passive: Antibodies in the recipient are produced by another individual

Question 25

What are autoimmune diseases?

Answer 25

When the immune system is against particular molecules in the body. Caused by loss of self tolerance

Question 26

What type of cell does HIV destroy?

Answer 26

Helper T cells