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AP Biology Mr. Maiorana > Photosynthesis Test > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms, the producers of the biosphere. They produce the biosphere, making organic molecules from
CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

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2
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules. Almost all plants are photoautotrophs

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process that converts solar energy to chemical energy. This process nourishes almost the entire living world

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4
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain most of their organic material from other organisms, the consumers of the biosphere. Almost all heterotrophs depend on photoautotrophs for food and CO2.

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5
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The pigment within chloroplasts, giving leaves their green color. Found inside the membranes of thylakoids

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6
Q

What is the mesophyll?

A

The interior tissue of the leaf, 30-40 chloroplasts are typically found in each mesophyll cell

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7
Q

What are stomata?

A

The microscopic pores of a lead where CO2 enter and O2 exits

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8
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

A third membrane system of connected sacs that are suspended in the stroma within the chloroplast that are sometimes stacked. The chlorophyll is inside the membranes of thylakoids

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9
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacked columns of thylakoids

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10
Q

What is stroma?

A

The dense, interior fluid of a chloroplast. The stroma is surrounded by 2 membranes

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11
Q

What is the thylakoid space?

A

The space inside the thylakoid sacs, separated from the Stroma by the thylakoids themselves

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12
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

Reactants: 6CO2 , 12H20 , light energy

Products: C6H12O6 , 6H2O , 6O2

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13
Q

How does electron flow in photosynthesis compare to cellular respiration?

A

The electron flow is reverse, photosynthesis is a redox process where H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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14
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? where does the energy come from?

A

Endergonic, the energy boost needed is provided by light

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions(photo part) and he calvin cycle(synthesis part)

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16
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

Thylakoids

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17
Q

What occurs in light reactions?

A
  • H2O is split
  • O2 is released
  • The electron acceptor NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
  • ATP is generated from ADP by adding a phosphate group, called photophosphorylation
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18
Q

Where does the release of O2 come from in photosynthesis?

A

The splitting of water into just hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

The stroma

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20
Q

What occurs in the Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar is formed from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

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21
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

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22
Q

What is light absorbed by the chlorophyll used for?

A

The drive the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from water to NADP+

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23
Q

How does photophosphorylation occur?

A

Light reactions generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

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24
Q

What is the first step of the calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation

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25
Q

What are photons?

A

Light behaves as though it consists of discrete particles, these “particles” are called photons Each photon has a fixed amount of energy, and is not a tangible object. The amount of energy is inversely related to wavelength

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26
Q

What are the main functions of chloroplasts?

A

Chemical factories powered by the sun that have thylakoids that light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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27
Q

Which wavelength is the shortest, longest and has the most and least energy?

A

Shortest and most energy: purple

Longest and least energy: red

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28
Q

What is a spectrophotometer?

A

A device that measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths by sending light through pigments and measuring the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength

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29
Q

What is a pigment?

A

A substance that absorbs visible light and reflects the light it doesnt absorb

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30
Q

What is an absorption spectrum?

A

a graph plotting pigment’s light absorption vs wavelength

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31
Q

What is an action spectrum?

A

An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

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32
Q

What is chlorophyll a?

A

The main photosynthetic pigment, it appears blue-green

33
Q

What is chlorophyll b? How is it different from a?

A

An accessory pigment that broadens the light spectrum used from photosynthesis. A slight structural different between chlorophyll a and b causes them to absorb slightly different wavelegths. It is olive green

34
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

hydrocarbon accessory pigments that are various shades of yellow and orange that absorb excessive light that would damage the chlorophyll

35
Q

What happens to the state of a pigment when it absorbs light?

A

When a molecule absorbs a photon, it goes from a ground state(stable) to an excited state(unstable) where one of its electrons is elevated to an electron shell where the potential energy is higher. The electron falls back to the ground state and gives off heat and fluorescence as the photon leaves

36
Q

What determines which photons a pigment absorbs and reflects?

A

Pigments only absorb photons that have energy exactly equal to the difference in energy between the ground and excited states

37
Q

What is the reaction center complex?

A

An organized association of proteins(protein complex) holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

38
Q

What is a light harvesting complex and its function?

A

Various pigment molecules bound to protein, the pigments together act as an antenna for the reaction-center complex because the energy from photons is passed from pigment to pigment until it hits the reaction-center complex.

39
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

A reaction center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

40
Q

What is a primary electron acceptor?

A

A molecule that accepts electrons in the reaction center from and is reduced as a result

41
Q

What is the chlorophyll a of the reaction centers called in photosystems 1 and 2, and which photosystem functions first?

A

Photosystem 2 functions first. The reaction center chlorophyll is PS II is called P680, and the reaction center of PS1 is called P700. They are named after the wavelengths they absorb

42
Q

How does the pair of chlorophyll a in the reaction-center complex use sunlight energy?

A

They use energy from light to boost one of their electron to a higher level and transfer it to the primary electron receptor

43
Q

What is linear electron flow?

A

The flow of electrons through both photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH using light energy

44
Q

Where do the electrons that enter the photosystems come from?

A

The H from the splitting of H2O

45
Q

When is O2 released as a byproduct?

A

When P680+ is reduced to P680 by the electrons from the split H atoms

46
Q

When and where is a concentration gradient created in photosynthesis?

A

Energy released by the fall of electrons down the electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PSII to PSI drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane via diffusion of H+

47
Q

What is the function of the proton gradient in photosynthesis?

A

To drive ATP synthesis

48
Q

WHERE does NADP+ play a role in photosynthesis and what does it do?

A

Electrons are transferred from photosystem 1 to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH and making it available for reactions in the calvin cycle

49
Q

What is similar and what is different in chemiosmosis of the chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Same
•both use chemiosmosis to generate ATP(including gradients, ATP synthase, etc.)
•Some Proteins in ETC

Different
•Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP, chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP
•In mitochondria, protons are pumped into intermembrane space and diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix. In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into thylakoid space and diffuse back into stroma

50
Q

Where are ATP and NADPH produced and why?

A

The side of the membrane facing the stroma because that is where the Calvin Cycle takes place

51
Q

How does light drive the synthesis and ATP and NADPH?

A

It energizes the 2 photosystems embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

52
Q

How is H2O split in photosynthesis?

A

An enzyme catalyzes the reaction of the water splitting

53
Q

What makes up the electron transport chain between photosystems 1 and 2?

A

Pq(electron carrier), a cytochrome complex, and Pc(a protein)

54
Q

At what specific point is H+ pumped into the thylakoid space?

A

This happens as electrons pass through the cytochrome complex on the electron transport chain

55
Q

Where does a primary electron acceptor take electrons from and how does this guide photosynthesis?

A

The primary electron acceptor takes electrons from P680/P700 and makes them P680+/P700+, creating an “electron hole” in them which allows them to easily accept incoming electron that comes from the bottom of the ETC

56
Q

How are the electron chains after photosystems 1 and 2 different?

A

The second electron chain that comes after photosytem 1 does not create a proton gradient, therefor not producing ATP

57
Q

What makes up the ETC after photosystem 1?

A

Electrons pass through the protein FD and then to NADP+ reductase

58
Q

What is NADP+ reductase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from Fd to NADP+ at the end of the ETC after photosystem 1

59
Q

How is NADP+ reduced to NADPH? What are the requirements and why?

A

NADP+ is reduced the NADPH by NADP+ reductase(it catalyzes electron transfer), which requires 2 electrons because this molecule is at a higher energy level than water and its electrons are more readily available for the calvin cycle. This process also removes H+ from the Stroma

60
Q

Why is chemiosmosis used in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

to couple redox reactions and atp production

61
Q

How is potential energy stored in photosynthesis?

A

the H+ gradient across membranes

62
Q

How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation different?

A
  • The source of ETC electrons in mitochondria are from organic molecules and the source from the chloroplasts is water
  • Mitochondria use chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food to ATP, chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP
63
Q

What are the spatial organization similarities in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria pumps protons from mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space which serves as a resevoir of H ions. The thylakoid membrane pumps protons from stroma to into thylakoid space(interior) which serves as an H+ resevoir. Diffusion of the H+ drives ATP synthesis in ATP synthase

64
Q

Where is ATP formed in photosynthesis? Why?

A

The stroma side of the thylakoid membrane (the location of the ATP synthase catalytic knob). This is where the Calvin cycle takes place

65
Q

What is the ATP formed during photosynthesis used for?

A

To drive the sugar reactions of the Calvin cycle

66
Q

What is the main point of the Calvin cycle?

A

To use the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar

67
Q

How is the Calvin cycle similar and different from the citric acid cycle?

A

They both regenerate their starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle. Unlike the citric acid cycle, the calvin cycle is anabolic(consuming energy, building molecules)

68
Q

What enters and exits the calvin cycle? how is the product made?

A

Carbons enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar called G3P. It takes 3 molecules of CO2(3 cycles, 1 per CO2) to make one G3P

69
Q

What is rubisco?

A

The enzyme used to incorporate CO2 molecules into RuBP for phase 1 of the calvin cycle

70
Q

What are the phases of the calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation: CO2 is incorporated into ribulose bisphosphate via rubisco
  2. Reduction: 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to G3P. 6 G3P molecules are formed, 1 is a product, 5 stay in the cycle to continue
  3. Regeneration: G3P is rearranged to regenerate the initial CO2 receptor, RuBP
71
Q

What is consumed and produced in the calvin cycle?

A

Produced: 1 GP3 molecule

Consumed: 9 ATP and 6 NADPH

72
Q

What is the main point of light reactions?

A

Light reaction generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electron electrons by moving them from H20 to NADPH

73
Q

What happens to plants when it gets hot/dry?

A

They close their stomata to reduce water loss, but also reducing access to CO2 and causing O2 build up

74
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

The process if rubisco adding O2 instead of CO2 to the Calvin Cycle, producing a 2 carbon compound. This decreases photosynthetic output by consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing CO2 without producing ATP or sugar. It limits damaging buildup of products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the calvin cycle

75
Q

What is the difference of C3 and C4 plants? What is the purpose of a C4 plant?

A

C3 plants form a 3 carbon compound during carbon fixation, and C4 plants form a 4 carbon compound. C4 plants produce a 4 carbon compound moves to bundle-sheath cells where they release CO2 into the Calvin cycle. This is meant to reduce the cost of photorespiration

76
Q

What allows a plant to be a C4 plant?

A

An enzyme in the mesophyll cells has a high affinity for CO2 and can fix carbon even at low CO2 concentrations

77
Q

What is Crassulacean acid metabolism?

A

aka CAM, it is a way for plant some plants to fix carbon by opening stomata at night and incorporating CO2 into organic acids. Stomata close during the day and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the calvin cycle

78
Q

What is the key difference between C4 and CAM plants?

A

The initial steps of carbon fixation in C4 plants are separated structurally from the Calvin cycle, in CAM plants the two steps occur at separate times but within the same cell

AP Biology Mr. Maiorana (16 decks)

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