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Honours World Regional Studies > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five themes of Geography?

A 
Location - where
Place -what
Region
Movement 
Human Environment Interaction

(Mr.Lip)

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2
Q

Distinguish between absolute and relative locations.

A

Absolute - Lat/Long, street address)

Relative - using a familiar reference point (near blah blah blah)

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3
Q

List 3 things that the theme of movement refers to

A

People
Goods
Ideas

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4
Q

Define Prime Meridian and Equator

A

A line of longitude (0º to be exact) that only goes from one pole to the other, not all the way around the Earth. The Prime Meridian is also the International Date Line.

The Equator is the 0º latitude line.

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5
Q

Explain the two major categories of cultural traits

A

Non Material- things such as religion, language, form of government, economy, customs, holidays, social groups, music/dance

Material- clothing, jewelry, food, architecture, technology, tools, art

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6
Q

What are the two characteristics of the place theme of geography?

A

Physical Characteristics

Human Characteristics

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7
Q

What are the four determinants of climate?

A

Latitude
Elevation
Nearby landforms
Bodies of water

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8
Q

Describe population density. What are the four most densely populated regions on Earth?

A

The average number of people per square mile/km. Densest areas include:

  • East Asia
  • South Asia
  • Europe
  • East U.S
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9
Q

What is zero population growth?

A

When the number of births+immigrants minus the number of deaths+emigrants is equal to zero. (b+i-d+e=0)

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10
Q

Distinguish between diffusion of culture and acculturation

A

Diffusion of culture: spreading of traits from one culture to other areas

Acculturation: adapting or borrowing traits from other cultures

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11
Q

Define culture hearth

A

Culture Hearth: a center of culture where ideas begin and spread to other cultures

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12
Q

Define convectional precipitation:

A

Convectional precipitation: this is typical of hot climates, and this (convection) happens after the morning sun heats the moist air. Clouds will form in the afternoon and rain falls.

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13
Q

Define tundra:

A

Tundra:

  • flat, treeless lands forming forming a ring around the Arctic Ocean
  • very little rain
  • Permafrost-subsoil that is constantly frozen
  • Summer is only a few weeks with temperatures rising to 40 degrees
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14
Q

Define semiarid:

A

Semiarid:

  • not much rainfall (16 inches annually)
  • hot summers, mild winters (occasional snow-not often)
  • found in interior of continents and around deserts
  • very productive agriculturally
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15
Q

Define rain shadow:

A

Rain shadow:

  • the land on the leeward side of a hill or mountain
  • receives very little rain because of dry air that descends
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16
Q

Define taiga:

A

Taiga:

  • evergreen forests
  • found in subarctic climates
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17
Q

Define subarctic:

A

Subarctic:

  • evergreen forests (taiga)
  • Huge temperature variations between summer and winter
  • Summers are short
  • Temperature is freezing 5-8 months of the year
  • Canada and the Motherland
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18
Q

Define leeward:

A

Leeward:

  • the direction that the wind is moving in
  • (so the leeward side of a hill would be the side of the hill that the wind is not hitting)
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19
Q

Define orographic precipitation:

A

Orographic precipitation:
-These storms are associated with mountain areas, and drop more rain on the leeward mountain side than the windward mountain side.

20
Q

Define frontal precipitation:

A

Frontal precipitation:
-these occur in mid-latitude areas, and cold dense air masses push lighter and warmer air masses up into the sky, which makes precipitation form

21
Q

Define humid continental:

A

Humid Continental:

  • Variety in temperature and rainfall
  • Mid-latitudes in the interior of continents
  • Experience 4 seasons
  • Length of seasons determined by latitude
22
Q

Define Mediterranean:

A

Mediterranean:

  • Dry, hot summers; cool, rainy winters
  • Rich agriculture and dense populations are common
  • Italy, U.S West Coast, parts of Australia, coastal Chile
23
Q

Define windward:

A

Windward:

-the direction from which wind is moving

24
Q

Explain the three forms of government structure:

A

Unitary:

  • one central government runs the nation
  • Central government makes all laws
  • (Britain & Japan)

Confederation:

  • Smaller units keep their power and a central government has limited authority
  • (Confederate States)

Federal:

  • A central government shares power with smaller units
  • (states/provinces/whatever)
  • (U.S.)
25
Q

Distinguish between authoritarian governments and democracies. Give an example of each:

A

Authoritarian governments:

  • leaders hold all or most of the power
  • can be a dictatorship, monarchy, and totalitarianism can be practiced
  • (Britain)

Democracy:

  • People choose leaders and government policies
  • Representative democracy citizens vote for representatives who make laws
  • (U.S.)
26
Q

List and explain the three economic systems (provide strengths and weaknesses of each):

A

Communism:

  • “controlled market”
  • “state” makes decisions
  • “state” owns and operates industries/pretty much everything
  • in theory, everyone makes the same amount of money, which is good and bad. Good= NBA players don’t make more than doctors, Bad=DMV workers make same as doctors
  • you don’t own any property

Socialism:

  • “mixed economy”
  • state owns and operates basic industries with some private companies
  • shared decisions on policies
  • free health care and stuff
  • less of the supply and demand thing going on here

Capitalism:

  • “free market economy”
  • People make decisions, little government control
  • supply and demand, which is cool
  • stuff like college and healthcare isn’t free like in communist or socialist countries
27
Q

Define oligarchy:

A

Oligarchy:

-country is ruled by few/small group of people

28
Q

Define aristocracy:

A

Aristocracy:

  • type of oligarchy
  • rule by the best
29
Q

Define junta:

A

Junta:

  • type of oligarchy
  • rule by military generals
30
Q

Define plutocracy:

A

Plutocracy:

  • type of oligarchy
  • rule by the rich
31
Q

What is the difference between capital, human, and natural resources?

A

Capital resources:
-the money and machines used to produce goods and services

Human resources:
-the people who perform various tasks

Natural Resources:
-materials that people take from the natural environment to survive and satisfy needs

32
Q

What are the three types of natural resources?:

A

Renewable:

  • the environment continues to supply or replace them
  • ex: soil is always being replaced by weathering rocks and decomposition of living material

Non-renewable:

  • cannot be replaced once they have been used
    • Fossil fuels - coal, oil, natural gas

Inexhaustible:

  • Solar or planetary processes that are unlimited in quantity
  • Sunlight, geothermal heat, winds, tides
33
Q

Explain the four types of economic activities humans engage in:

A

Primary activities: activities that use natural resources directly

Secondary activities: activities that process raw materials
-Manufacturing: turning raw materials into finished products

Tertiary activities:

  • Activities that provide a professional service
  • Transportation, law, journalism, health care, sales, banking, etc

Quaternary activities:
-Activities that provide information, management, or research by highly trained people

34
Q

What is the plate tectonics theory?:

A

The theory that says the earth’s outer shell is not one solid piece, but instead is comprised of many moving plates

35
Q

What is the continental drift theory?:

A

The theory that the world was once made up of a single super continent, Pangea, that separated and drifted apart, forming the seven continents

36
Q

What is Pangea?

A

The super continent

37
Q

Distinguish between collision zones, subduction zones, diverging (spreading) zones, and transform zones. Also, what does each one cause?:

A

Collision zones:

  • where continent and continent meet
  • Land folds upwards creating rising mountains

Diverging (spreading) zones:

  • Called seafloor spreading, where two oceanic plates move away from each other
  • Molten rock rises in the rift created by the diverging plates and the rock spreads on both sides of the rift creating new seafloor

Transform zones:

  • Where two plates slide in the same direction next to each other
  • The sudden slipping and/or sliding from the pressure beneath the plates can cause earthquakes
38
Q

Define geography:

A

Study of/ describing physical characteristics of earth and the cultures/ demographics of earth

39
Q

Describe demography:

A

Demography:

  • study of populations:
    • birth and death rates
    • marriages
    • families
    • etc
40
Q

Define urbanization and what impact does it have on how rapidly the world population is growing?:

A

Urbanization:

  • growth of city populations
  • Growth in world population has spiked as urbanization has become a worldwide trend over the past decades
41
Q

Greenhouse effect:

A
  • The layer of gases released when you burn crap like coal and petroleum
  • traps some solar energy in the atmosphere, causing higher temperatures on Earth
42
Q

Equinox:

A
  • Twice a year on spring equinox and autumn equinox, the days and nights all around the world are equal in length
  • Equinoxes mark beginning of spring and autumn
43
Q

Tropic of Cancer:

A
  • line of lat., marks the place farthest north that the sun’s rays shine directly overhead at noon
44
Q

Tropic of Capricorn:

A

line of lat., marks the place farthest south that the sun’s rays shine directly overhead at noon

45
Q

Solstice:

A
  • day that the sun shines directly overhead at noon
  • sun is at highest point at summer solstice
  • sun is at lowest point at winter solstice
46
Q

Revolution:

A

one circle around the sun

47
Q

Rotation:

A

the turning of the earth

Honours World Regional Studies (6 decks)

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