Citizens Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
- British philosopher (political philosopher)
- His ideas on the way gov. should operate and personal freedoms laid the ground work for our Declaration of Independence
- These ideas were fairly revolutionary at the time; created terminology for idea that gov. should derive power from people; the people don’t know the gov. is there, but they are there to keep order and make sure you’re safe
- In his opinion, gov. should stay out of the picture for the most part
A
John Locke (1632-1704: 17th century)
2
Q
- Inventor/writer/one of our key founding fathers/scientist/diplomat/politician
- Very versatile
- Business man, started first hospital, library, and fire department (in the US/colonies)
- Ambassador to France~ “The Father of France” because he was a playa
A
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790: 18th Century)
3
Q
- General in the Revolutionary war
- Became president of our country
- Came from being wealthy farmer/planter
- No kids
- Very dignified, every one respected him as a leader
- President of Constitution Convention
- Office of Presidency created just because he was around
A
George Washington (1732-1799: 18th Century)
4
Q
- Thought of as brightest president
- Spoke many different languages as well as some Native American dialects
- Botanist/politician/philosopher/architect/author
- Author of Declaration of Independence
A
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826: 18th/19th Century)
5
Q
- Not popular during presidency, which was marked by the American Civil War
- Failure at everything until being elected president
- Died in the same year that the Civil War ended
- Was willing to do things others weren’t at this time to keep the Union together
- Is credited with keeping the Union together
- Republicans and Democrats both view him as the best president ever
- The only time he ever displayed happiness was one day after the war ended
- Assassinated five days after the war ended
A
Abraham Lincoln (1806-1865: 19th Century)
6
Q
- Unlike Lincoln, adored by only one party
- New Deal: get people to work by building stuff we may be able to use in the future, in an attempt to get us out of the Great Depression. But, this put us in debt
- Was President of the US during WWII
- Only person to serve more than two terms, served into his 4th term
- Had polio
A
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945: 19th/20th century)
7
Q
- “Nobody can make you feel inferior without your permission.”
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s wife and distant cousin
- Possibly most popular first lady of our nation’s history
- Was newspaper writer and had own career
- As first lady, she wrote news columns and opinion columns
- Stood in for FDR at high level meetings
- First US representative to UN, wrote Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN’s foundation)
A
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962: mostly 20th century)
8
Q
- Born into royalty, was a prince (Hindu)
- Born into town in modern day Nepal, back then was actually India
- Father sheltered him from everything outside the palace walls
- In his 20s, he left the palace against his father’s wishes and saw sick and dying people that he never knew existed
- Meditated on it for 49 days to feel what the sick felt
- Came up with the idea that our problems stem from our desires
- Name means “the awakened one”
A
Buddha {Siddhartha} (563-482 BCE)
9
Q
- Leads Jews out of Egypt and back to the Promise Land
- Gets angry and smashed 10 commandments
- Has to get another copy from God
- Kicked out of Promise Land
A
Moses (13th Century, B.C)
10
Q
•Foundation of Christianity
A
Jesus Christ {Yoshua} (0-33)
11
Q
- Not only started a religion, but was the first ruler of the Islamic Empire
- In Islam, it is not allowed to display a depiction of this person
A
Prophet Muhammad (570-632)
12
Q
- Close advisor to the Prophet Muhammad
- First successor of Muhammad dies, this person is the second successor
- This person swiftly expands Islamic Empire
- All the places he took over are still under Muslim control, aside from Israel
A
Umar ibn al-Khattab (586-644)
13
Q
- Last successful invader of the British Isles
- From Normandy (Northern France)
- 1066 - leads troops out of France and successfully invaded British Isles (last time that happened)
- Defeats the Saxons, Anglos, also Gaelic who spoke Germanic languages
- This person spoke French
- Overtime, the two mixed and became English (specifically for the Saxons and Anglos) (Germanic + Romance = English)
A
William the Conqueror (1027-1087)
14
Q
- Linked with the Protestant Reformation
- Had a problem with the way the Catholic Church functioned in 1500
- Creates another schism in Christianity
- Posts 95 things he has a problem with on walls of church
- He believed Latin Christian church is corrupt
A
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
15
Q
- Invented printing press
- This invention increased literacy immensely
- Sparked the Renaissance
- This allowed for books to exist (for everyone), newspapers
- Before this, there was no real need for people to become literate because they had no access to books
A
Johann Gutenberg (1400-1468)
16
Q
- Was a Tsar
- Westernized/modernized Russia
- Founded St.Petersburg
- Established a Russian Navy
- In order to defend against Mongols (because there were no real natural defences), this guy had the Russians bury the capital (Moscow) in the middle of a forest, because this impairs horses
- Russia was part of dark ages but not the Renaissance, and they never really left the dark ages
- This dude recognizes this and goes and travels incognito through Europe to figure out how to make Russia better
- Was a pretty nice dude actually
A
Peter The Great (1672-1725)
17
Q
•”Workers of the world: Unite!”
•German Jew that was not a ruler, he created idea of Communism
•Economist/Economic Philosopher–Author
•Writes: *The Communist Manifesto (communist bible)
* Das Capital (a critique of capitalism)
•”Workers of the world, unite!” – the person
•Calls for working class revolutions
A
Karl Marx (1818– 1883)
18
Q
- Still living
- Perestroika (the Reconstruction of Russia)
- Becomes Soviet Premier in 1985
- Becomes first college educated leader (of USSR/Russia) since Lenin
- Much more liberal than crueler forbearers
- Wants to open up country to rest of the world, more trade, less cruel
- Gives people more individual freedoms, but he ended up ending the USSR – new countries are independent
- This essentially ends the Cold War
- Wins the Nobel Piece Prize in 1990
- Wins Time Man of the Year
- Russians hate him pretty much – this eliminated them as one of the two superpowers of the world
- 90s were rough, basically run by the mafia
A
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931– )
19
Q
•”A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
•Turned communist//marxist government into ruthless
totalitarian government
•Lenin’s successor
•Is responsible for 20 million deaths (more than Hitler)
•Was Georgian
•Changed name to what we know him by today
•His new name meant “Man of Steel”
A
J.V. Dzugashvili {Stalin} (1879–1953)
20
Q
- Didn’t implement Communism that is found today
- First guy to try to implement Marxist ideas on a grand scale
- Smart guy
- Wrote 65 books
- Very radical
- Brother tried to kill the tsar, was captured and executed
- Believed in ideas of Marx
- Was imprisoned in 20’s and sent to Siberia, then released and sent to Germany
- Last college educated leader in Soviet Union until 1989
A
V.I.Ulyanov {Vladimir Lenin} (1870-1924)
21
Q
- Born right around the time the Protestant Reformation began
- This influenced her a lot
- Daughter of King Henry VIII
- The citizen was the first Protestant born ruler of England
- Defies the Pope, who then decried it wasn’t a sin to assassinate her
- Claimed throne when 25, ruled for 45 years
- This is regarded as the Golden Age
- Laid out the beginning for the country’s empire
- “Married to England”
- Most beloved ruler in the history of England
- Knighted Pirate Francis Drake because he stole Spanish jewels
A
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
22
Q
- Sean, you are supposed to hate her
- Becomes Queen at 18, rules for 64 years
- Responsible for British stereotypes (formal, proper, serious, Victorian morals)
- Husband died, she wore black every day for the next 40 years
- Overran Ireland, put them under British rule, Irish hate her
- When she died, became a rule that all doors in British Empire had to be painted black
- Even now, almost all Irish doors are painted very bright, because this Queen was pretty the human embodiment of everything that wasn’t Irish
A
Queen Victoria (1819-1901)
23
Q
- Roughly 100 years before Jesus
- Is going to be stabbed by his friends (betrayed –> where “stabbed in the back” comes from)
- Only Roman Emperor for 1 year, but easily most famous
- Very charismatic
- Great speaker, military general, writer
- Legendary playboy
- “He was every woman’s man and every man’s woman”
A
Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.)
24
Q
- Born into power and came into power at 18
- Roman history says she was beautiful
- Julius Caesar’s most famous love interest
- Sees young Roman Empire that now has a new ruler and has idea to marry Caesar and merge Empires
- Puts this plan into action, meets Julius Caesar
- One thing leads to another and they get married and she has his son
- He is assassinated so her plan starts to fall apart
- Hooks up with Mark Anthony and they have twins, then she leaves him and tries to hook up with Augustus Caesar
- She is rejected, so she commits suicide by snake
A
Cleopatra VII (69-30 B.C.)
25
Q
- Also known as Octavius
- Julius Caesar’s nephew
- Greatest of Roman Rulers in terms of what he accomplished
- “Benevolent Despot” (so ‘good dictator’)
- Had total power and used it for good
- Augustus inherited culture that was out of control - heavy drinking, sexual promiscuity, basically one huge frat party
- So, by using despotic power, he makes it illegal to not be married and not be faithful, kids have to go to school
- Wants to create society that isn’t built on what he views as immoral
A
Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - 14 A.D.)
26
Q
- Classic Greek author
- Second most ancient citizen
- 2,800 years ago
- Author of the Odyssey and the Iliad
- Odyssey is required reading most places on the globe still to this day
- Those texts are older than the Bible, Odyssey formed basis for adventure stories
- Believed he went blind at some point
A
Homer (8th Century, B.C.)
27
Q
- “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
- One of the many ancient Greek philosophers
- Is the earliest of the Greek philos.
- Didn’t write anything down, wasn’t author and didn’t work in education
- Lived in city state of Athens
- Was the old wise guy in town
- Brilliant, but just liked to talk to people
- Had a following of young people who thought of him as mentor
- His way of discussing things was very strange
- Basically just questioned everything people said
- Would question you until you questioned yourself and eventually agree with him
A
Socrates (470-399 B.C.)
28
Q
- Young student of Socrates
- Writes 36 books
- Writes “Dialogues”, which was a book about conversations people had with Socrates
- “Republic” where he discusses the ideal form of government, or how the ideal form of government would work
- Ideal form of government is an aristocracy according to him (aristocracy: led by most knowledgable/ethical-he said the best)
- First person we know in history to advocate for gender equality
- Starts very first big school called “The Academy”
- One of his prize students was Aristotle
A
Plato (427-357 B.C.)
29
Q
- Ancient Greek Philosopher
- Basically walking encyclopedia
- Was the expert on everything
- He was super smart, was extremely hard to dispute anything he said
- Was the authority and ideas weren’t challenged for a very long time
- Said government should fund public schools, and scientific research
- But he also did things like argue that the universe revolves around the earth
- Also argued that slavery was good :’(
- Argued that women are naturally inferior to men :’(
A
Aristotle (384-322, B.C.)
30
Q
- Expanded Greek Empire considerably
- was from Macedonia
- Dad was Philip of Macedon
- Born into monarchy
- Basically a stud
- Would lead troops into battle and then left unscathed
- Never defeated, never lost a battle
- Solders thought he was immortal
- Became so powerful that when he marched towards Egypt they immediately surrendered and made him Pharaoh –> Alexandria, Egypt
- Problem on personal level was that at age 33 he died of a fever
- When he died, he was buried in honey, but no one knows where
A
Alexander the Great (356-323, B.C.)
31
Q
- Believed women should have a choice with pregnancies, not the husband
- Mom had 18 pregnancies in 15 years
- Dying during this time period wasn’t uncommon
- Born around the time that the Comstock Law was put in place, which made birth control illegal, and made it illegal for doctors to even tell patients about it
- Magazine: woman rebel: argued women should have a choice when it comes to their body
- She got the idea of birth control out to the public, and it became an accepted part of society
A
Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)
32
Q
- “Ordinary men need rules; I am not ordinary.”
- Generally regarded as the best architect ever
- Had a monstrous ego
- 280 buildings designed that are still standing
- Got his break in 1923 when he designed a house in Tokyo. Earthquake, his house still stood while every other house had broken down
- “Prairie Style” Architecture
A
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
33
Q
- Born on same day and in the same year as Abraham Lincoln
- Goes to college in early teens
- Smart but messes around in college and doesn’t really pay attention
- Science professor offers him spot on HMS Beagle (ship going all around the world to do research)
- Ignores dad who says he should finish college first
- Did a lot of research in the Galapagos Islands
- Wrote “Origin of Species”, where he describes basically the theory of evolution through natural selection
A
Charles Darwin (1806-1882, 19th Century)
34
Q
- Funded by Queen Isabella to discover new world
- Redhead
- Italian dude
- Accidentally ‘discovered’ America and wiped out the Natives
- Was on his way to India
- Was not a great sailor or navigator
- He never knew that what he had discovered wasn’t actually India and Indonesia (a quicker way there)
- Arrested and returned to Spain in shackles
A
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
