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Biology S3 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of the eyepiece lens on a microscope?

A

It is the lens you look through to see slides

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic units of life

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2
Q

What is the function of the objective lens on a microscope?

A

To magnify the cells on the slide

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3
Q

What is the function of the stage on a microscope?

A

It is the area where the slides are placed

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4
Q

What is the function of the clips on a microscope?

A

They are used to keep the slide in place on the stage

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5
Q

What is the function of the mirror on a microscope?

A

To bounce light on to the slides

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6
Q

What is the function of the focussing wheels on a microscope?

A

They are used to focus in on the side panel on the stage

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7
Q

What is the magnification of a microscope?

A

The magnification of a microscope describes how many times bigger the image appears

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8
Q

What three things do all animal cells have?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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9
Q

What three things do all plant cells have?

A

Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It controls all cell activity

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls what enters and leaves the cell

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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where all chemical reactions take place

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It helps give plants their shape

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14
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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15
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is used to show parts of the cell more clearly?

A

Stains

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17
Q

What is methylene blue used for?

A

Staining human cheek cells

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18
Q

What is iodine solution used for?

A

To stain onion cells

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19
Q

What is cell division?

A

A means of increasing cells in n organism

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20
Q

Why is cell division essential?

A

To allow organisms to grow and repair

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21
Q

What controls cell division.

A

The nucleus

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22
Q

What is cancer?

A

An uncontrolled division of cells

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23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread like structures that carry genetic indoor action which determine the correct function and structure of every cell in an organism

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24
Q

How many chromosomes are in normal human body cells?

A

46

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25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in normal human body cells?

A

2

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26
Q

How many chromosomes are in a gamete?

A

23

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27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a gamete?

A

1

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28
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Ten process by which the nucleus of a parent cell divides into two daughter nuclei, each of which receives exactly the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

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29
Q

During mitosis what happens to the number of cells?

A

It increases

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30
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Mitosis is important as it ensures no genetic info is lost and therefore each of the new daughter cells can grow and develop properly

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31
Q

Write down all the stages of mitosis from memory

A
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32
Q

What causes causes cancer?

A

The genetic material (DNA) of a cell becomes damaged producing changes in cell growth and division. When this happens cells do not die as the should and extra cells may form a mass of tissue called a tumour

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33
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of genes from one organism to another

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34
Q

Write out the stages of genetic engineering

A
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35
Q

What substances can genetic engineering produce?

A

Antibiotic, hormones, vaccines, enzymes, anti-viral drugs

36
Q

What is the advantage of substances made by genetic engineering?

A

These new substances can be produced in large quantities very quickly.

37
Q

What is the function of antibiotic?

A

To stop bacteria multiplying (penicillin kills bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis)

38
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Control of certain body processes (insulin regulates blood sugar)

39
Q

What is the function of vaccines?

A

To prevent illness happening (mmr vaccine prevents mumps and rubella)

40
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

To speed up chemical reactions (used in washing powders)

41
Q

What is the function of anti-viral drugs?

A

To stop viruses multiplying (slows down AIDS)

42
Q

What is stem cell therapy?

A

A set of techniques that aim to replace cells

43
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

44
Q

What are the sources of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells (extracted from embryos)
Adult stem cells (bone marrow, brain and blood)
Cord blood stem cells (umbilical cords)

45
Q

Benefits of stem cells

A

Helps cancer, Parkinson’s, stokes, spinal cord injuries, retinal diseases, Alzheimer’s, type 1 diabetes

46
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA which carries instructions to make proteins and determine characteristics of an organism

47
Q

What does DNA mean?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

48
Q

What are sex cells called?

49
Q

What is inheritance?

A

When organisms reproduce, information is passed from parents to offspring on the chromosomes

50
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of of inheritance

51
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The physical characteristics of an organism

52
Q

What is genotype?

A

The genetic make up of an organism

53
Q

What do all body cells have on their chromosomes?

A

Two matching sets of genes?

54
Q

What is true breeding?

A

When one organism is bred with another organism of exactly the same phenotype.

55
Q

What is the P generation?

A

The original generation

56
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

The offspring of the P (first) generation

57
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

The offspring of the F1 (second) generation

58
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of a gene

59
Q

Draw a monohybrid cross

60
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a male?

61
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a female?

62
Q

What is reproduction?

A

A method of producing new offspring

63
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

a method of reproduction involving only one parent

64
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

A method reproduction involving 2 parents

65
Q

What does asexual reproduction lead to?

A

Genetically identical offspring (clones) this makes a species less well adapted

66
Q

What does sexual reproduction lead to?

A

Variation in offspring

67
Q

What are the gametes in plants?

A

Pollen and ovules

68
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

69
Q

What are the two pollination methods?

A

Wind

Insect

70
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

What the nucleus of the male and female cells fuse

71
Q

Why do mammals need internal fertilisation?

A

Sperm need fluid to swim to the egg

72
Q

What features does an egg cell have?

A

A food store, it’s large, it cannot move

73
Q

What features does a sperm cells have?

A

Smaller, tail, large number produced

74
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Site of egg production

75
Q

What is the function of the oviduct

A

Site of fertilisation

76
Q

What is the function of the uterus

A

Embryo grows and develops here

77
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Where sperm are placed

78
Q

What is the function of the testis

A

Produces sperm

79
Q

What is function of the sperm duct?

A

Carries sperm from the testis to the penis

80
Q

What is function of the urethra?

A

A tube which carries sperm and urine out of the penis

81
Q

What is function of the penis?

A

Places sperm in the female body

82
Q

What is function of the stamen?

A

Consists of anther and filament

83
Q

What is function of the anther?

A

Produces male sex cells called pollen

84
Q

What is function of the stigma?

A

Top of the carpel which collects pollen grains

85
Q

What is function of the ovary (plant)

A

Produces femAle sex cells called ovules

86
Q

What is function of the ovules?

A

Female gametes of plant

87
Q

What is function of the sepal?

A

To protect the unopened bud

88
Q

What is function of the pollens tube?

A

What does the pollen tube do? It grows down into the ovary. The male nucleus the leaves the pollen grain and travels down the pollen tube into the ovary to reach the female nucleus

Biology S3 (7 decks)

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