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challenge and change > unit 1 test 2 > Flashcards

unit 1 test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Demographics

A

The study of the population which can help us make conclusions about changes in society and culture

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2
Q

Census Family

A

A married couple with or without children

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3
Q

Nuclear Family

A

A married couple with dependent children

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4
Q

Extended Family

A

Multiple generations of a family living within one household

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5
Q

Lone-parent Family

A

Single parent with one or more dependent children

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6
Q

Blended Family

A

Divorced parents, married or not, with or without children from a previous marriage

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7
Q

Same-Sex Family

A

Couple of the same sex married or not, with or without children

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8
Q

Married/Cohabiting Family

A

Two spouses or a married couple living together

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9
Q

Fledgling Adults

A

Adults who have difficulty leaving their family home

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10
Q

Dominant Value Direction

A

An adolescent’s values and view of the world are shaped by external forces, most notably friends, family, and the news, allowing them to form opinions

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11
Q

Ecocentrism - David Elkind

A

The immaturity of adolescents’ thinking processes lead to them being argumentative, indecisive, and will cause them to criticise others actions

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12
Q

Imaginary Audience - David Elkind

A

Adolescents believe that they are being constantly watched by an imaginary audience

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13
Q

Personal Fable - David Elkind

A

Adolescents believe that they are the protagonist in their own personal fable

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14
Q

Fresh Contacts (Adolescence)

A

When an adolescent leaves their social group and gains new experiences, they undergo a mental reorientation to their new environment

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15
Q

Generational Replacement - Strausse Howe

A

Adolescent opinions and attitudes are likely to affect social change in the future

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16
Q

Heroic Imagination - Zimbardo

A

The mindset of people that who take a personal stand against wrongdoings

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17
Q

Prosocial Behaviour - Zimbardo

A

Positive, constructive, and helpful behaviour shown by people who wish to help others

18
Q

Internalisation

A

The act of absorbing an idea so that it becomes a part of your character

19
Q

Socialisation

A

The act of teaching a child the norms of society so that they internalise it and become a functioning member of society

20
Q

Alienation

A

The estrangement of an individual from people or activities they enjoy, or their sense of self

21
Q

Competitive Emulation

A

When groups of people, typically families, try to outdo each other through material goods or lifestyle choices

22
Q

Conformity

A

Accepting the norms of society and acting according to them

23
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The mental activities associated to remembering, knowing, and communicating

24
Q

Downward Comparison

A

Comparing oneself to others that are worse off

25
Q

Upward Comparison

A

Comparing oneself to others that are better off

26
Q

Subculture

A

An alternative system of beliefs that is not part of mainstream culture

27
Q

Social Isolation - Melvin Seeman

A

Powerlessness - The feeling that you are unable to change the ideas of someone else
Meaninglessness - The feeling that you are unable to make sense of the world
Normlessness - The deterioration of social norms
Social Isolation - Withdrawal from normal activities in the social group
Self-Estrangement - Complete withdrawal from the sense of self

28
Q

Morality of Care - Carol Gilligan

A

The moral development of women is based on their ability to care for others

29
Q

Deviant Typologies - Robert Merton

A

Conformist - People who accept cultural goals as well as the means to achieve them
Ritualist - People who do not accept cultural goals but accept the means to achieve them
Innovators - People who accept the cultural goals but not the means to achieve them
Retreatist - People who reject mainstream culture and reject institutional means
Rebels - People who reject the cultural goals as well as the means to achieve them

30
Q

Margaret Mead Adolescent Development Theory

A

Innovator of participant observation, went to American Samoa to study teenage girls

31
Q

G. Stanley Hall Adolescent Development Theory

A

Defined the developmental phase of adolescence as well as storm and stress

32
Q

Eduard Spranger Adolescent Development Theory

A

Believes that adolescence is a period of crisis and volatility that can lead to a change in personality

33
Q

Letta Stetter Hollingworth Adolescent Development Theory

A

Explains that there is a gradual change into adulthood

34
Q

Kurt Lewin Adolescent Development Theory

A

Created field theory, explaining that adolescents find a social group where they belong which alters their behaviour

35
Q

David Elkind Adolescent Development Theory

A

Defined adolescent egocentrism, the immaturity of the adolescent thinking process, adolescents are typically argumentative, indecisive, and criticise others actions

36
Q

Robert Havighurst Adolescent Development Theory

A

Listed developmental tasks for adolescents

37
Q

Erik Erikson Adolescent Development Theory

A

Created psychosocial development theory, how an individuals needs mesh with the needs of their society

38
Q

Helicopter Parents

A

Parents that are too concerned with their child’s life as well as the obstacles that their children face

39
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Stages of Development

A

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning
Stage 1: Heteronomous morality - Moral thinking is linked to punishment
Stage 2: Individualism, purpose and exchange - Guided by instincts and leads others to do the same
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity - More moral standards based off their parents and friends
Stage 4: Social systems morality - Moral judgements are based off the law
Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning
Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights - Human rights and values are above the law
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles - Human rights and values are above the law, when the individual is asked to choose between law and conscience, they will sacrifice themselves

40
Q

In-Group - Muzaffar Sherif

A

When individuals are brought together to achieve a common goal, they will form a group structure with hierarchies and roles

41
Q

Out-Group - Muzaffar Sherif

A

In a situation where competition is important, they will become hostile with the in-group

challenge and change (6 decks)

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