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BIO 121 Terzaghi > Unit #1: Study Review Questions > Flashcards

Unit #1: Study Review Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What characteristics do all living organisms (on earth) have in common?

A 
Reproducing
Made of cells
Heredity
Metabolism
Species can evolve
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2
Q

In the year 2030 you are assigned to lead an expedition to look for life on Jupiter’s moon Europa. What will you look for,
and how will you decide if it is alive?

A 
Reproducing
Made of cells
Heredity
Metabolism
Species can evolve
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3
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

Hypothesis: A possible answer regarding an observation; answer proposed in a scientific investigation

Must be falsifiable : hypothesis can be supported or it cannot be supported by the data

Theory: hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested over time and supported by experimental data

Equivalent to a law: 
Cell theory
Theory of evolution by natural selection
Law of gravity
99.9% sure its correct
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4
Q

Please explain the five steps to designing an experiment.

A 
State a hypothesis
Make predictions
Experiment (include controls)
Result and Interpretation
Controls
  • Observations only for the scientific method
  • Provides data that either supports or does not support the hypothesis
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5
Q

Who was the first to propose that evolution explains the fossil record?

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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6
Q

How did Lamarck propose that evolution occurs?

A

Theory of evolution by acquired characteristics

Organisms evolved as they strive for perfection by acquiring characteristics passes to the offspring

If u lose a arm in battle ur kid won’t have an arm

1809

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7
Q

What contribution did Lyell make to Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Lyell: change happens gradually

Geologist: studied rock formations

Said earth is extremely old
By the bible its 4000 years but lyell said no no no no its billions of years old

Way in which soil is deposited
Fossil evidence

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8
Q

What contribution did Malthus make to Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Malthus
Population biologists

Populations grow exponentially in size but food is limited

Competition for food & stuff

Nature controls population size through death

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9
Q

What evidence lead Darwin to propose his theory?

A

1859: Darwin published theory of evolution by natural selection
“Survival of the Fittest”
Fit: individual is best adapted to its environment

Evidence:

  • biogeography (similarities of areas in the world with similar climates)
  • Fossils evidence
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Embryology
  • Works of lyell, malthus, & lamarck
  • Vestigial structures
  • Artificial breeding: selecting mom and dad
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10
Q

What are the two parts of darwins theory?

A

Variability in population, some individuals are fit and some are not

Heredity: Genes can be transferred to the next generation

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11
Q

What are the five key assumptions of darwins theory?

A

Organisms produce more offspring than will survive and reproduce

Variation among individuals

Survivors are more adapted/fit (superior) in certain characteristics

Characteristics are heritable

There has been lots of time

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12
Q

Why is heredity a key element in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Heredity PROVIDES A MECHANISM

Heredity is the ability to copy genetic information and pass it on to their offspring

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13
Q

Why is evolution the main unifying theme of biology?

A

Evolution explains WHY

Embryos look the same and stuff

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14
Q

Why is Darwin’s theory of evolution such a key turning point in the history of biology?

A

Biology changed from description/observation (“stamp collecting”) to use of scientific method

Evolution became the main unifying theme of biology

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15
Q

Why do biologists need to know a lot of chemistry?

A

Explains why metabolism happens

Life is made out of chemicals

Life converts nutrients into biochemicals by chemical reactions

Life is chemistry with a purpose

To understand life, must understand chemistry

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16
Q

What is an atom and what are atoms made of?

A

Smallest particle matter with unique physical and chemical properties

Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons

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17
Q

What is an element?

What defines the element?

A

Substance made out of one type of atom

{Atoms have the same atomic number
***atomic number defines the element***}
#6 carbon
#2 helium
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18
Q

What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?

A

Atomic number: Tell u the # of protons and electrons

Atomic mass: number of protons and neutrons

of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number

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19
Q

Why is the atomic number important?

A

Determines the number of electrons, therefore the chemical and physical properties of an element

{Reactivity of an element is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost (valence) shell of the atom}

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20
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Different forms of the same element that differ in atomic mass

Same atomic #
Same e- and p+
Different neutrons

Do the charges vary: between isotopes
No there will be no charge

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21
Q

What is radioactive decay, and why is it useful?

A

Emission of particles from unstable isotopes; involves the release of energy as nucleus decays

Used for: dating, medicine for diagnosing

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22
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A

Cation: ion with a positive charge
CATS HAVE POSSSS

Anion: ion with a negative charge

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23
Q

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

A

If one atoms gives up an electron, another atom has to take it

Oxidation: (gave electron away) - loss of electron
Reduction: (received) the electron - gain of electron

has to happen at same time

Redox reaction
Leo goes ger

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24
Q

Why are redox reactions important for living organisms?

A

When electrons move, they take their energy with them; REDOX REACTIONS ARE USED FOR ENERGY TRANSFER

If an atom or molecule is reduced it gains energy

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25
Q

What is an ion?

A

atom with a charge; give or take an electron to get a charge

Proton # does not equal the electron number

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26
Q

Which molecule is most reduced and has the most energy?

A

The more reduced a molecule is, the more energy it has

CH4

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27
Q

What is the difference between an orbital and an electron energy level?

How many electrons do orbitals have?
Shapes?

A

Electron energy level = shell

*This can be made up of one or more orbitals

Orbital = the probable location of an electron: each orbital can have 0, 1, or 2 electrons

*Orbitals have distinct shapes

28
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

The outermost shell of electrons

29
Q

Why do valence electrons determine the chemical properties of an element?

A

The number of electrons in the valence shell can be used to predict the type of reaction that will occur

30
Q

Why do elements whose atomic numbers differ by eight have similar chemical properties?

What is this called?

A

These elements have the same number of electrons in their valence shell, so they will behave the same way

This is called the octet rule

31
Q

How many electrons does each shell hold?

A 
first = 2 e-
second = 8 e-
third = 8 e-
32
Q

Why is helium chemically inert?

A

2 its outermost shell is full

The reason why atoms react with each other is to fill their outermost shell

33
Q

Why is bromine very reactive?

A 
#30
outermost shell with 7 electrons

Needs one more electron, so will it take one electron

Bromine will be reduced and develop a negative charge

34
Q

What groups develop what charges?

A

group 5, 6, and 7 are negative

group 1, 2, and 3 are positive

35
Q

What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent chemical bond?

A

Ionic bond results from a transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Opposites attract
Attraction between these ions is the ionic bond

Na+ Cl- : cation anion

Covalent bond is due to atoms sharing electrons

36
Q

How are covalent bond represented?

A

solid line

37
Q

Which bond is stronger and contains more energy?

A

covalent

38
Q

What sorts of bonds do you expect lithium (3) to form?

A

ionic

39
Q

What sorts of bonds do you expect phosphorus (15) to form?

A

covalent

40
Q

What bond will form if an atom wants to gain or lose 1 or 2 electrons?

A

ionic bond

41
Q

What bond will form if an atom has a valence shell that is half full?

A

covalent bond

42
Q

Why are weak bonds important for living organisms?

A

Weak bonds are easily made and easily broken; makes it possible to rearrange things quickly

Ex. molecular zippers

43
Q

What sorts of weak bonds are commonly found inside living organisms?

A

Ionic bonds in solutions
hydrogen bonds
Van Der Waals bonds
Hydrophobic interactions

44
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

ATTRACTION due to partial charges on atoms that result from the unequal distribution of electrons in the atom the molecule will have a partially positive side and a partially negative side

45
Q

Where do electron go on water?

A

Electrons drawn to oxygen in the middle so its partially negative on oxygen side

46
Q

What happens with hydrogen bonded molecules that have a partially positive end and a partially negative end?

A

they are polar

47
Q

What are Van Der Waals interactions?

A

Atom with partial charges are attracted to atoms with the opposite partial charge

Molecules will position themselves at optimum distance

When molecules get too close, electrons will repel the molecules away from each other
*****important in protein folding

48
Q

Why do Van Der Waal interactions occur?

A

because of the transient polarity of electrically neutral molecules

49
Q

What are four factors which influence the rates of chemical reactions?

A
  1. Temperature: as temperature increases rate of reaction increases
  2. As concentration of reactants increases rate of reaction increases
    * In biological systems, we use substrate instead of reactant
  3. As concentration of product increases, rate of reaction decreases
  4. If catalyst (enzyme) is present, reaction rate increases
50
Q

What are the most abundant elements in living organisms?

A

SPONCH

Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
51
Q

Why is SPONCH the most abundant?

A

These elements can form covalently bonded molecules; most useful

52
Q

What is the difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?

A

Macronutrient - element required in large amounts by living organisms
SPONCH

Micronutrients - element required in small amounts by living organisms
Ca. Fe.

53
Q

What is the difference between an organic and an inorganic molecule?

A

Organic: molecule that contains reduced C

Inorganic: not reduced C

C-H → reduced carbon
Attached to hydrogen = organic
CO2 → inorganic
C6H12O6 organic

54
Q

What is the fundamental reason for all the remarkable properties of water?

what are some properties?

A

Properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds to other water molecules

Water is a polar molecule; charged molecule; hydrophilic (likes water)

55
Q

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

A

capillary action → adhesion and cohesion

Cohesion: water clings to water
*dripping faucet

Adhesion: water clinging to hydrophilic molecules or water clinging to polar molecules
*water droplets clinging to web

56
Q

Why does water have such high specific heat and such high heat of vaporization?

A

Energy / Heat added to water must first be used to break H-bonds

Then H2O molecules can move faster as more heat is applied until they vaporize

H2O resists temperature change

57
Q

Why should you use deodorants rather than anti-perspirants?

A

Sweating cools the body

As water evaporates it takes heat away from the body

58
Q

Why does ice float?

A

When H2O goes from liquid → solid …
H2O molecules are further apart then in liquid form

Solid water is less dense than liquid water

59
Q

Why is water such a good solvent?

A

For polar molecules: H2O will get between other molecules and separate them causing them to make a solution

60
Q

Why are ionic bonds weaker in water?

A

Ions are separated

Water between ions which weakens the bonds

Oxygen bonds to positive and hydrogen bonds to negative to break it up

61
Q

What is the difference between the mean and the median?

A

Mean = average

Median = control value when the data are in increasing order

62
Q

Why is the median often used instead of the mean?

A

Median is a better measure of central tendency

63
Q

What is the standard deviation, and how does it differ from the variance?

A

Tells us the degree to which each value deviates from the mean
SD = Square root of Variance

64
Q

What is a statistical test, and what are they used for?

A

Used to analyze data
when testing a hypothesis…observed data is compared to expected data

Chi squared
T test

65
Q

What is the difference between a solute and solvent?

A

Solute: that which is dissolved (iced tea mix)

Solvent: that which you are dissolving in (water)

solute is dissolved in solvent

BIO 121 Terzaghi (8 decks)

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