Unit 1 : SAC 1 Flashcards
Joint
The site where 2 or more bones meet
Synovial joint
A specialized joint that provides movement for the body
Non - synovial joint
A joint that has no movement
What are 2 types of non-synovial joints?
Cartilageous ie; the pubic bone
Fibrous fixed fused ie; skull
What are the 3 types of synovial joints?
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
Uniaxial
Refers to movement in one plane
Biaxial
Refers to movement in 2 planes
Triaxial
Refers to movement in 3 planes
Types of uniaxial joints
Hinge
Pivot
Hinge joint
Creates flexion and extension
ie; knee or elbow joint
Pivot joint
A joint that only allows rotation
ie; atlas and axis (top of vertabrae)
Types of biaxial joints
Condyloid
Gliding
Condyloid joint
Allows for flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
ie; wrist joint
Gliding joint
Occurs when bones can slide against one another - flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
ie; vertabrae, carpals/tarsals
Types of triaxial joints
Ball and socket joint
Ball and socket joint
Can move in 3 planes - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation
ie; hip and shoulder joint
Flexion
The angle between articulating bones is decreased and the plane of the body
Extension
The angle of the joint is increased and the plane of the body
Abduction
The movement of the body part away from the midline
Adduction
The movement of the body part towards the midline
Rotation
When bone turns on its own axis within a joint
Towards the body its internal rotation, away from the body, it’s external rotation
Bicep facts
Anterior upper arm Creates flexion Moves elbow joint Is at a uniaxial hinge joint Involves humerus, radius and ulna
Tricep facts
Posterior upper arm Creates extension Moves elbow joint Is a uniaxial hinge joint Involves humerus, radius and ulna
Pectoral facts
Anterior thoracic Creates flexion Moves shoulder joint Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint Involves the scapula, clavicle and humerus
Teres major facts
Posterior thoracic Creates extension Moves shoulder joint Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint Involves the scapula, humerus and clavicle
Deltoid facts
Anterior thoracic Creates abduction Moves the shoulder joint Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint Involves clavicle, humerus and scapula
Abdominals facts
Anterior lumbar Creates flexion Moves the spine Is a biaxial, gliding joint Involves the vertebrae
Erector spinnae facts
Posterior lumbar Creates extension Moves the spine Is a biaxial, gliding joint Involves the vertebrae
Gluteal facts
Posterior Creates extension Moves the hip joint Is a triaxial ball and socket joint Involves the femur, tibia and fibula
Iliopsoas facts
Anterior Creates flexion Moves the hip joint Is a triaxial ball and socket Involves the femur, tibia and fibula
Hamstring facts
Posterior upper leg Creates flexion Moves the knee joint Is a uniaxial hinge joint Involves the fibula and tibia
Quadricep facts
Anterior upper leg Creates extension Moves the knee joint Is a uniaxial hinge joint Involves tibia and fibula
Gastrocnemius
Posterior lower leg Moves the ankle Creates plantar dorsi Is a biaxial, condyloid joint involves tibia, fibular and tarsals
Tibialis anterior
Anterior lower leg Moves the ankle Creates plantar flexion Is a biaxial, condyloid joint Involves tibia, fibula and tarsals
Movement with gravity
When gravity is applied to extension or adduction movement it requires the muscles that flex to continue to flex to slow down the process
ie; when a bicep curl is performed with the weight it uses the bicep to raise and lower the arm
Reciprocal Inhibition
Muscles coordinate and the muscle works in pairs to contract and relax
Agonist
The muscle that is contracting, it creates the movement
Antagonist
The muscle that is relaxing, does not create movement
Exercises for tricep
Tricep curl
Dip
Tricep pushup
Bench press
Tricep movement (gravity)
Up Extension The agonist is tricep Antagonist is bicep Concentric Down Flexion Agonist is tricep Antagonist is bicep Eccentric
Quadricep movement (gravity)
Up Extension Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Concentric Down Flexion Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Eccentric
Bicep movement (gravity)
Up Flexion Agonist is bicep Antagonist is tricep Concentric Down Extension Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Eccentric
Concentric
Muscle shortens with tension
Eccentric
Muscle extends with tension
Deltoid movement (gravity)
Up Abduction Agonist is deltoid Antagonist is lattimus dorsi Concentric Down Adduction Agonist is deltoid Antagonist is lattimus dorsi Eccentric
Gastrocenemius movement (gravity)
Up Plantar dorsi Agonist is gastrocnemius The antagonist is tibialis anterior Concentric Down Plantar flexion Agonist is gastrocnemius The antagonist is tibialis anterior Eccentric
Abdominals movement (gravity)
Up Flexion Agonist is abdominals The antagonist is erector spinnae Concentric Down Extension Agonist is abdominals The antagonist is erector spinnae
Slow twitch fibres
Red
Has significant blood flow - aerobic
Recharges slowly means working at a submaximal intensity
Slow fatigue - run out of glycogen at 3 hours
When it runs out of glycogen it switches to fat which takes twice as many chemical reactions to make energy
50-100 chemical reactions
Fast twitch fibres
White
Has little blood flow - anaerobic
Recharges quickly to work at the maximal intensity
Quick fatigue - runs out of creatine phosphate after 10 secs and lactic acid build up
1 - 3 chemical equations
Skeletal system
The body’s framework of bones
Skeletal system function
Body movements - muscles attach to bones which help them move
Framework and protection - allows us to remain upright and protects vital organs
Mineral storage - stores minerals important for our health
Production of red blood cells - for carrying oxygen around our body
Types of bones
Long bones - greater length than width ie; femur
Short bones - equal length and width ie; tarsals
Flat bones - thin shape for protection ie; cranium
Irregular bones - they do not have a pattern ie; vertabrae
Sesamoid bones - Small bones developed in tendons around some joints
Appendicular skeleton
The bones of the limbs and the girdle, not the core of the body
- Shoulder girdles
- Upper limbs
- Pelvic girdle
- Lower limbs
Axial skeleton
The bones that form the ‘core’ of the body
- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Sternum
- Ribs
5 parts of the spine
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
Connective tissues
Ligaments - bone to bone, they hold the bone in place
Tendons - muscle to bone, has an origin and insertion point. Origin doesn’t move insertion does
Fibres in the muscles
They are set for everyone
Fusiform
Multipennate
Fusiform
When fibres run parallel ie; bicep
Increased range of movement
Decreased force
Multipennate
When fibres run in multiple directions
Increases the force
Decreased range of movement
Anatomical terms
Superior Inferior Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Right/left Superficial Deep Palmer Plantar
Superior
Closer to the head than the other part
Inferior
Closer to the feet than the other part
Anterior/versal
Towards the front of the body
Posterior/dorsal
Towards the back of the body
Medial
Towards the imaginary midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the imaginary midline of the body
Proximal
A body part Is closer to its attachment point
Distal
A body part further away from the point of attachment than the other
Superficial
A body part closer to the surface than the other
Deep
A body part that is internal or further from the surface point than the other
Palmar
The palm side of the hand
Plantar
The sole side of the feet
The cervical vertebrae
Seven unfused bones that make up the neck and responsible for supporting the head
The atlas and axis is the top two bones that allow the head to move up and down and side to side
The thoracic vertebrae
Twelve unfused bones connect the rib cage to the spinal column and form a protective shield for the heart and lungs.
Allows the body to breathe in and out and protects internal organs
The lumbar vertebrae
Five unfused bones are the largest of the vertebrae and have ahigh weight carrying capacity.
They provide an attachment site for big muscles to pull on
The sacrum
Five fused sacral vertebrae are connected to form the sacrum it fuses the sacrum together.
They distribute the weight of the upper body
The coccyx
Four fused bones that forms the tailbone and form the base of the vertebral
It provides the site for muscle attachment and allows a multitude of movements to occur
Muscular system
The muscular system refers to the series of muscles in the entire body that allows movement of the skeleton, maintains posture and produces heat through cell metabolism
Functions of muscular system
Mobility
Maintains posture
Creates body heat
Bodily functions - digestion, circulation, respiration
Major muscle pairs
Gluteas maximus and illipsoas Quadriceps and hamstrings Gastrcnemius and tibialis anterior Deltoids and pectoralis major Lattimus dorsi and teres major Tricep and bicep Wrist extendors and wrist flexors Abdominals and erector spinnae
How can we control the strength we exert?
By controlling the amount of motor units are used to contract the muscle fibres
All or nothing principle
When muscle fibres contract they contract 100% or maximally or they do not contract at all
Motor unit
Motor unit is the nerve plus all the muscle fibres attached, every fibre attached works maximally
Electrical threshold
The message that is strong enough to contract all the muscle fibres
Leg bones
Femur
Fibula - the outside
Tibia - inner bone
Head bones
Cranium
Mandible - jaw
Hand and feet bones
Hands - carpals - metacarpals - phalanges Feet - tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges
Pelvis bones
Sacrum ilium Pubis Ischium Coccyx
Chest/core bones
Sternum
Rib bones
Arm and shoulder bones
Shoulder - scapula - clavicle Arm - humerus - ulna - radius
Vertebral column
Provides body with the central structure for maintenance of good posture
Comprised of 33 bones
Planes of movement
Saggital plane - Divides body into left and right sections
Transverse plane - Divides body into a superior and inferior section
Frontal plane - Divide into an anterior and posterior section
3 major types of joints
Fibrous joints - immovable or fixed
Cartilaginous joints - slightly moveable joined by cartilage
Synovial joints - allow for full range of movement
Tendon
Muscle to bone
Ligament
Bone to bone
Interphalangeal movement
Flexion
Extension
Atlas/axis movement
Rotation
Movement between cervical vertabrae
Slightly left and right
Slightly forward and back
isometric
A form of exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint.
