Unit 1: Riding Through History (Engineering) Flashcards
It took nearly 100 years and many…for the modern bicycle to be born.
individuals
Bicycles… the way people traveled from place to place.
had revolutionized
The…was made of solid steel tubes and wooden wheels were covered with steel.
framework
People didn’t ride velocipedes to the market or to their .. . Instead, people thought velocipedes were just toys.
jobs
Around 1870, American manufacturers saw that velocipedes were very popular… .
overseas
They made the frameworks from hollow steel tubes. this … made velocipedes much lighter.
alteration
Roads were… so … was difficult.
bumpy,steering
Most riders preferred indoor tracks where they could rent a velocipede for a small … and take riding lessons.
fee
… changes by British engineers … the wheels to make pedaling more efficient.
Subsequent, altered
They reasoned that if the front wheel were longer, the bicycle would travel a greater distance. So they … a bicycle with a gaint front wheel.
designed
Its … purpose was to help the rider balance.
primary
He was in danger of falling off the bicycle and … himeself if he lost his balance.
injuring
Dispite this … danger,”high wheelers” became very popular in England.
inherent
They … a small wheel for the giant front wheel and put the driving mechanism in a larger rear wheel.
substituted
The new safety bicycle … the dangers inherent in bicycle riding.
minimized
It would be impossible for a rider to pedal the rear wheel, so engineers … a system of foot levers.
designed
The British … the … one last time.
altered, design
… improvements, such as brakes, rubber tires, and lights were added to make bicycles more comfortable to ride.
Subsequent
Bicycles … the way people traveled from place to place.
revolutionized
The modern bicycle was born when British engineers … altered the wheels again and made them equal in size.
subsequently
The course for the Tour de France is … every year, but it is always about 4000 kilometers, or 2500 miles.
altered/changed
The course is … to travel through towns, up steep mountains, and across flat lands.
designed/planned
Riders come from all over Europe as well as from … to take part in the 22-day race.
overseas/other countries
The race is divided into 20 stages, or parts. The rider who wins one stage has the honor of wearing a yellow Tour shirt in the … stage.
subsequent/next
Amestrong is the only … to win seven Tour de France competitions.
individual/person
The … of modern racing bicycle is made of light lightweight steel, aluminum, titanium, and carbon fiber tubes.
framework/structure
The recent use of lightweight frameworks brought about … changes in the 100-year-old race.
revolutionary/great
Teams pay any entrance … to join the Tour de France. The fees create the prize money paid to the winning teams.
fee/payment
Riders must be good athletes to meet the physical demands that are an … part of a long race.
inherent/natural
If a rider is …, he tries to … the pain so he can stay in the race.
injured/hurt, minimize/lessen
The … … of a Tour coach is to help his team win.
primary/main , job/task
… can minimize stress on knees.
knee braces
low handle bars can minimize … .
air drag
A … can minimize head … .
helmet, injuries
Long sleeves can minimize … .
sunburn
Water can minimize … .
thirst
ice can minimize … .
sprains
Riders are aware of the … danger of bicycle racing.
inherent
Bicycle racing is … dangerous.
inherently
… colors/ … school/ … elections/ … care physician
Primary
A … alters clothing to fit individuals.
tailor
International airline pilot flies airplanes … .
overseas
Doctor helps individuals who are … or sick.
injured
… teaches the classes of a teacher who is absent.
substitute teacher
… cleans and takes care of buildings.
janitor
The central meaning of … is “turning” or “changing”. it can refer to one thing rotating around a central point, like the Earth’s … around the sun. It can also mean “changing or trying to change the political system by violent action”.
revolution, revolution
In this unit, … is used to mean “ a complete change in methods, opinions, etc, often as a result of progress.”
revolution
Bicycles led to a …. in transportation.
revolution
Bicycles were a … idea.
revolutionary
The sound … changed the way motion pictures told stories.
revolution
The addition of sound … the way motion pictures told a story.
revolutionized
The jet engine … air travel.
revolutionized
The jet engine caused a … change in air travel.
revolutionary
Alferd Nobel created a … with a new substance that he called dynamite.
revolution
Alferd Nobel created a … substance that he called dynamite.
revolutionary
The discovery of x-rays created a … in medical science.
revolution
The … discovery of x-rays changed medical science.
revolutionary
Henry Ford’s first car was called the Model T. A … car was called the Model A.
subsequent
Henry Ford created the Model T in 1908. …, he built the Model A.
subsequently
The wheels of the first velocipedes had no pedals, but a French inventor … … wheels that had pedals.
subsequently, substituted
European velocipedes were heavy because the framework was made of solid steel tubes. The … … of hollow steel tubes made the vehicle much lighter.
subsequent, substitution
The high wheeler had a small rear wheel. A … change by American manufactures … the larger rear wheel for the smaller one.
subsequent, substituted
Will the electric vehicle known as the Segway … the ways that individuals … ?
alter, get around
Dean Kamer, the inventor of the segway, believes that this … vehicle will someday … for the bicycles and automobiles that now crowd our cities.
revolutionary, substitute
Although the Segway uses … technology, it looks very ordinary.
up-to-the-minute
The metal … of the Segway consists of a platform where an individual stands. Attached to the front of the platform is a tall … with handles for the driver to hold.
framework, post
It uses a computer system that … the ability of human to keep their balance.
imitates
It is … for short-range, low-speed operation.
designed
Workers who must walk a lot in their jobs might be the … users of Segway.
primary
People who cannot comfortably walk due to age, illness, or injury could … their walking but still be able to go many places on a Segway.
minimize
Why is it, then, that job sites, parks and shopping centers have not been … filled with Segways since they were introduced in 2001?
subsequently
Segway can help workers get more done in a shorter time. This saves money. Engineers … Segway as a technological … .
admire, marvel
Florance and Italy are among several cities in the world that offer tours on Segway for a small … .
fee
Occasionally you will see golfers riding Segway around golf courses. Throughout the world more than 150 security agencies use Segway, and China has recently entered the … market. These examples are encouraging, but can hardly called a … .
overseas, revolution
The … reason seems to be that people have an … fear of doing something new. They fear of being … .
primary, inherent, injured
He had … love of speed.
inherent
Riders often tipped over and … themselves.
injured
A … is a structure upon which other parts are built or attached. On a bicycle, the wheels, pedals, and handlebars are … to the steel framework. Sometimes, framework refers to the … or … of something.
framework, attached, basis, foundation
The … of early velocipedes were made of solid steel tubes.
frameworks
A good education forms the … for a successful career.
framework
To … something means “to make something different in some way, but without changing it completely.” If you alter something, you have made an … .
alter, alteration
Not everything can be … . Some things are … : they are not able to be … . Many things, however, are … : they can be … .
altered, unalterable, altered, alterable, altered
Each boy works … to make his own cars.
individually
He wants to … his car so it will be special.
individualize
He can show his … in many ways. Some boys … their cars to look like a snake or a hot dog, for example.
individuality/unique personality, design
On the day of the race, the Boy Scouts roll their cars … down a sloped board.
individually
On the day of the race, the Boy Scouts roll their cars down a sloped board … .
one at a time
The judges give … prizes for the funniest car, the scariest car, and other categories.
individual (adj)
The contest is … to show every boy’s … .
designed/planned, individuality/ special qualities
