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Biology ATAR > Unit 1 Revision: Nelson Chapter 1-7 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Revision: Nelson Chapter 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Ask questions about the observation
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis using a planned procedure that is reproducible.
  5. Record results and analyse the data
  6. Reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies between the observation and the theory
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2
Q

What are the 3 considerations that must be made during a risk assessment?

A
  1. What are the possible risks to you and others?
  2. How likely is it that there will be injury or damage?
  3. How serious will the possible injury be?
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3
Q

Name and describe the 3 R’s of Animal Ethics?

A
  1. Reduction - reduce sample size or collect more from same amount
  2. Refinement - Minimise pain felt by animals
  3. Replacement - Find methods to not use animals OR use animal of lower sentient value (does not feel pain)
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4
Q

What are the 4 surveying techniques?

A
  1. Quadrats
  2. Transects
  3. Electrofishing
  4. Capture - Mark - Recapture
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5
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a Quadrat?

A

A: Accurate reflection of the ecosystem
W: Only accurate for immobile species

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6
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a Transect?

A

A: Can show changes across an area
W: Only accurate for immobile species

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7
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of Electrofishing?

A

A: Investigates abundance accurately
W: Limited applications with only fish.

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8
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of Capture - Mark - Recapture?

A

A: Estimates population size of mobile animals
W: Must be done safely and at specific times

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9
Q

What must an area have to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot?

A

It must contain at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants found nowhere else on earth. It must also have lost at least 70% of its primary native vegetation.

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA in a chromosome that encodes an instruction, usually for a specific protein, which, when expressed, may affect a certain characteristic.

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11
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The sum of all genes, including all of their different forms, in a given population of one species.

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12
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of morphologically similar organisms that share a gene pool.

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13
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the organisms in a particular area, along with the abiotic components of their environment and their interactions

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14
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

All space on the earth that organisms inhabit.

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15
Q

What are 4 reasons we should study biodiversity?

A
  • Ecosystem processes are essential to survival.
  • Delivers educational and cultural benefits.
  • Contributes to the production of food air and water.
  • Tourism contributes to the economy.
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16
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Refers to the variety of life that exists in the biosphere.

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17
Q

What is a spatial scale?

A

Spatial scale refers to the space being occupied. We study spatial scales to understand the extent and distribution of all individuals in a species.

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18
Q

What is a temporal scale?

A

A temporal scale is a study of time. It is often a movement over time scale and tracks migration patterns.

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19
Q

What are the main 3 reasons why we classify organisms.

A
  1. Way of organising information
  2. Allow biologists to analyse information about organisms
  3. Allow biologists to communicate with each other
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20
Q

What are the levels of classification?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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21
Q

How does the binomial naming system work?

A

The genus is named, then the species. The Genus must have a capital letter at the start. The whole word must be italicised. Black Wattle - Acacia mearnsii (didn’t allow italics)

22
Q

Who was Linnaeus and what was his big contribution to biological classification?

A

Carl Linnaeus was an 18th century Swedish botanist and zoologist. He was the founder of the first biological classification system.

23
Q

What is a taxonomic level?

A

taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy

24
Q

What are the 3 ways biologists classify organisms?

A
  • Physical Characteristics
  • Methods of Reproductions
  • Molecular Sequencing
25
Q

What is molecular sequencing?

A

Molecular sequencing is a method of classification when two different species look the same and reproduce at the same rate. Uses the genetic makeup of organisms to determine if they are indeed molecularly identical or different.

26
Q

What are the 4 types of plants? What are they or what do they produce?

A
  • Bryophytes - Mosses
  • Pteridophytes - Ferns
  • Gymnosperms - Conifers
  • Angiosperms - Flowers and Fruits
27
Q

What are the 5 key characteristics of a monocotyledon plant?

A
  • One cotyledon
  • Parallel veins
  • Complex arrangement of vascular bundles
  • Fibrous root system
  • Floral parts usually in multiples of 3.
28
Q

What are the 5 key characteristics of a monocotyledon plant?

A
  • Two cotyledon
  • netlike veins
  • ring like arrangement of vascular bundles
  • tap root system
  • Floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5.
29
Q

Define Collaboration

A
  • When members of the same species work together to benefit all.
30
Q

Define Competition

A
  • When individuals compete for a resource that limits their survival and reproduction
31
Q

Define Community

A
  • When a group of populations of different species live in a close enough community in an ecosystem to interact.
32
Q

Define Interspecific Interactions

A
  • Relationships between members of the same species
33
Q

Define Intraspecific Interactions

A
  • Relationship between members of different species.
34
Q

Define Parasitism and give an example.

A
  • One species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
  • Fleas, Ticks, Heartworm carried by mozzies.
35
Q

Define Mutualism and give an example.

A
  • Both species in the relationship benefit and neither is harmed.
  • Mistletoe plant and bird.
36
Q

Define Commensalism and give an example.

A
  • One species benefits and the other neither benefits, not is harmed.
  • Cattle egrets and Zebra’s.
37
Q

Define Niche:

A

The functional position of an organism in its environment.

38
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and food web?

A

A food chain follows one distinct path of the transfer of energy and materials where a food chain is a more complex and more whole system which more accurately represents an environment.

39
Q

What are the 3 types of ecological pyramids?

A
  • Pyramid of Numbers - depicts the number of individual organisms at different trophic levels of food chain.
  • Pyramid of Biomass - indicates decrease of biomass in each tropical level from base to apex.
  • Pyramid of energy - illustrates how much energy is needed as it flows upwards to support the next trophic level. (10% carry over)
40
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A habitat is all the area in which an organism uses for food, water, shelter, reproduction, etc.

41
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

The competitive exclusion principle postulates that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for an extended period of time.

42
Q

What is a population?

A

A population is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding

43
Q

How do you determine the growth rate of a population?

A

Population growth rate:

= (birth rate + immigration rate) - (death rate + emigration)
r = (b+i) - (d+e)

44
Q

What are the three types of distribution in an ecosystem

A
  • Clumped
  • Uniform
  • Random
45
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A
  • The carrying capacity is the maximum size of a population that an ecosystem can support with its limited resources. Carrying capacities can be affected by changes to biotic and abiotic factors
46
Q

What are the 4 part of a population curve, in order.

A
  • Lag phase
  • Exponential growth phase
  • Transitional phase
  • Plateau/Stationary phase (Carrying capacity)
47
Q

What is the greenhouse affect? Is it good or bad?

A
  • The greenhouse affect is good. The greenhouse effect is a NATURAL process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. … The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.
48
Q

What is Global Warming

A
  • Global warming is the steady rise in global average temperature in recent decades, which experts believe is largely caused by human-generates greenhouse has emissions.
49
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A
  • A fossil fuel is a natural energy source, such as coal, oil, and natural gas which contain hydrocarbons. These produce Carbon Dioxide which is emitted in to the atmosphere and contributed to the enhanced greenhouse affect.
50
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse affect?

A
  • The enhanced greenhouse effect is when higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause excess heat to be retain, causing an increase in average global temperatures.
51
Q

What is climate change, in one sentence?

A

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, including heat waves, high rainfall, drought and storms.

52
Q

What are the 9 steps of the enhanced greenhouse affect?

A
  1. Sunlight hits the surface of Earth as visible light. Some of it is absorbed, and some is reflected.
  2. It is converted to infrared / long-wave radiation or heat energy
  3. Some of the radiation is normally radiated back into the atmosphere towards space.
  4. Humans burn fossil fuels and cause deforestation, adding greenhouses gases to the atmosphere
  5. The reflected long wave radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapour and methane.
  6. Some of the heat transforms into kinetic or potential.
  7. Some of the heat is re-emitted/re-reflected by greenhouse gas molecules.
  8. More heat is retained in the atmosphere
  9. The surface of earth and troposphere increases in temp which increases the average global temp.

Biology ATAR (6 decks)

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